Reconstruction:Proto-Berber/a-lɣəm
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This Proto-Berber entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Berber
Etymology
Widely considered to be a metathesis of an early borrowing ultimately from Semitic language, with the form *gamal; compare Arabic جَمَل (jamal). The intermediate is unknown, and Kossmann (2005) raises several formal problems, beyond just metathesis, with the common suggestions of Latin camēlus and Coptic ϭⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ (camoul).
Noun
*a-lɣəm m
Reconstruction notes
Kossmann (2005) suggests that the labialization may point to an original *a-lɣŭm. Kossmann (2013) also suggests *a-ləɣəm as an alternate solution to the consonant cluster.
Descendants
- Descendants of the form *a-ḷəm
- Tuareg: (including feminine forms, as the masculine is often rare or lost altogether)
- Sedentary dialects: (likely borrowed from Tuareg)
- Descendants of the form *a-l(ə)ɣ(ʷ)əm
- Awjila: alóɣom, alöɣóm
- Fogaha: alɣûm, alɣúm
- Sokna: lǎɣóm
- Nefusa: álɣåm, alɣóm
- Siwi: alɣəm
- Zuwara: alɣóm
- Tashelhit: ⴰⵍⵖⵯⵎ (alɣʷm), ⴰⵕⵄⵎ (aṛɛm), ⴰⵕⴰⵎ (aṛam)
- Central Atlas Tamazight: ⴰⵍⵖⵎ (alɣm), ⴰⵍⵖⵯⵎ (alɣʷm)
- Kabyle: alɣwem, alɣem
- Tachawit: alɣəm
- Northern Saharan Berber: alɣəm (Figuig)
- Tarifit: ařɣem, alɣem (Iznasen)
- Zenaga: aǧiʔm, ayiʔm (via regular metathesis)
- Descendants that may belong to either of the above forms
- Tetserret: aylim
- Descendants of the form *a-ɣlam
- Tamasheq: aɣlam (“young adult camel”) (in the dialects of Niger and Burkina Faso)
- Borrowings that may be direct from Berber
- → Hausa: rā̀ƙumī (see there for further descendants)
- → Kanuri: kalímo (from an older form kalígimo)
- → Ngizim: dlə́gámáu, dlə́kə́mau (a possible medium on phonological grounds for many of the borrowings below)
- Borrowings that are likely indirectly from Berber, through uncertain intermediates (with multiple levels of borrowing in the case of nativized forms that now refer to the horse)
- → Karekare: dlúkùmó
- → Bole: dlukumo
- → Ngamo: ndìkmò
- → Kanakuru: dlə́ŋŋó, dlə́ŋók
- → Lamang: dlə̀gwàamà, ɬugwama (latter form from the Zələdvə dialect)
- → Uldeme: ázlə̀wèmè
- → Mbuko: zlùgwèmè
- → Wandala: eldugọmẹ, lugwama
- → Glavda: áadləgòma, ádləgòma
- → Mafa: dlúgúmây, dlúgúmáy
- → Matal: dlígùmí
- → Mofu-Gudur: ɬágwàmò
- → Daba: dlogomo
- → Cibak: dlugwam
- → Huba: dlə́gwàm
- → Margi: adlugwom, ləgwam
- → Musgu: dlìgìnìi
- → Buduma: lògùmé
- → Lagwan: lògòmè
- → Guduf-Gava: lungwome
- → Kwang: lokúma, lògə̀mà, kùlùkum (“horse”), kúlóogúm (“horse”)
- → Kabalai: làkmà (“horse”)
- → Lele (Chad): lùŋmà (“horse”)
- → Ndam: lùkmà, làam (“horse”)
- → Sokoro: lúgumo
- → Dangaléat: lòkùmò
- → Migaama: lókùmu
- → Birgit: lòkòmó, lògòmó
- → Niellim: lwāàgūùm (via a Chadic language)
- → Podoko: dúgwąmạ
- → Gidar: dǫgǫ́mọ
- → Bacama: lùkápto (with an added suffix and possibly assimilation of the /m/)
- → Masana: lámka, lákmáná (possibly metathesis or suffixation); kúlum (“horse”), kúlúmná (“horse”) (perhaps borrowed via Kanuri)
- Likely borrowing into Mande, the origin of which is uncertain but possibly Zenaga