Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ankatos

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 This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Closely related to *ankos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk- (“to curve, bend”).[1][2]

Adjective

*ankatos

  1. curved, hooked

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *ankatos *ankatou *ankatoi
vocative *ankate *ankatou *ankatoi
accusative *ankatom *ankatou *ankatoms
genitive *ankatī *ankatous *ankatom
dative *ankatūi *ankatobom *ankatobos
instrumental *ankatū *ankatobim *ankatobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *ankatā *ankatai *ankatās
vocative *ankatā *ankatai *ankatās
accusative *ankatam *ankatai *ankatams
genitive *ankatās *ankatous *ankatom
dative *ankatai *ankatābom *ankatābos
instrumental *? *ankatābim *ankatābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *ankatom *ankatou *ankatā
vocative *ankatom *ankatou *ankatā
accusative *ankatom *ankatou *ankatā
genitive *ankatī *ankatous *ankatom
dative *ankatūi *ankatobom *ankatobos
instrumental *ankatū *ankatobim *ankatobis
Declension of the comparative
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *ankatyūs *? *ankatyoses
vocative *ankatyūs *? *ankatyoses
accusative *ankatyosam *? *ankatyosams
genitive *ankatisos *? *ankatisom
dative *ankatisei *? *ankatisbos
instrumental *ankatisī *? *ankatisbis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *ankatyūs *? *ankatyoses
vocative *ankatyūs *? *ankatyoses
accusative *ankatyosam *? *ankatyosams
genitive *ankatisos *? *ankatisom
dative *ankatisei *? *ankatisbos
instrumental *ankatisī *? *ankatisbis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *ankatis *? *?
vocative *ankatis *? *?
accusative *ankatis *? *?
genitive *ankatisos *? *ankatisom
dative *ankatisei *? *ankatisbos
instrumental *ankatisī *? *ankatisbis

Reconstruction notes

  • Due to the apparently wide semantic divergences (and gender) between Gaulish, Welsh and Old Irish, it is difficult to reconstruct a single noun as antecedent to all of them. Reconstructing a base adjective (from which the daughter languages would form separate substantivizations) gets around the gender and semantic problems.
  • The Old Irish word's gender is uncertain, but it cannot be feminine.
  • Matasović's reconstruction *ankotos is wrong; Middle Welsh angad requires *a as the second vowel, not an *o.

Descendants

  • Proto-Brythonic: *ankad f (“hand, grasp”)
  • Old Irish: écath (“fish-hook”) (scholarly normalized spelling), ǽcath, écad (attested spellings)
  • Gaulish:
    • →⇒ Latin: *Ancataria (literally “area at the bend”)

References

  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ankoto-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 37
  2. ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “ancorago”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental [Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic] (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 45
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