Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/ardwos
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥dʰwós. Cognate with Latin arduus.
Adjective
*ardwos
Inflection
| O/ā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ardwos | *ardwou | *ardwoi |
| vocative | *ardwe | *ardwou | *ardwoi |
| accusative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwoms |
| genitive | *ardwī | *ardwous | *ardwom |
| dative | *ardwūi | *ardwobom | *ardwobos |
| instrumental | *ardwū | *ardwobim | *ardwobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ardwā | *ardwai | *ardwās |
| vocative | *ardwā | *ardwai | *ardwās |
| accusative | *ardwam | *ardwai | *ardwams |
| genitive | *ardwās | *ardwous | *ardwom |
| dative | *ardwai | *ardwābom | *ardwābos |
| instrumental | *? | *ardwābim | *ardwābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwā |
| vocative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwā |
| accusative | *ardwom | *ardwou | *ardwā |
| genitive | *ardwī | *ardwous | *ardwom |
| dative | *ardwūi | *ardwobom | *ardwobos |
| instrumental | *ardwū | *ardwobim | *ardwobis |
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *arð
- Old Breton: ard, art
- Breton: arz
- Old Irish: ard
- Gaulish: Arduenna (place name)
References
R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ardd”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies