Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/bungeti

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 This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Likely the result of contamination of two Proto-Indo-European roots. The form continues Proto-Indo-European *bʰu-né-g-ti ~ *bʰu-n-g-énti, nasal-infix present of *bʰewg- (“to enjoy, benefit”), from which the meaning “to reap” can also be derived. The meaning “to break” seems to come from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”), for which however no nasal-infix present is attested in other branches of Indo-European.[1][2][3][4]

Verb

*bungeti

  1. to break
  2. to reap

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *bungū *bungemam *bibuxsū *bubouga
2nd singular *bungesi *bungetās *bibuxsesi *bubougas?
3rd singular *bungeti *bungeto *bibuxseti *bubouge
1st plural *bungomosi *bungemo *bibuxsomosi *bubougmo
2nd plural *bungetesi *bungestē *bibuxsetesi *bubouxte
3rd plural *bungonti *bungento *bibuxsonti *bubougars
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *bounxsū ? —
2nd singular *bounxsesi ? *bunge
3rd singular *bounxseti ? *bungetou
1st plural *bounxsomosi ? *bungomos
2nd plural *bounxsetesi ? *bungete
3rd plural *bounxsonti ? *bungontou
Passive voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *bungūr — *bibuxsūr *bubougra
2nd singular *bungetar — *bibuxsetar *bubougras?
3rd singular *bungetor ? *bibuxsetor *bubougre
1st plural *bungommor — *bibuxsommor ?
2nd plural *bungedwe — *bibuxsedwe ?
3rd plural *bungontor ? *bibuxsontor ?
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *bounxsūr — —
2nd singular *bounxsetar — —
3rd singular *bounxsetor — —
1st plural *bounxsommor — —
2nd plural *bounxsedwe — —
3rd plural *bounxsontor — —
Declension of the past participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *buxtos *buxtou *buxtoi
vocative *buxte *buxtou *buxtoi
accusative *buxtom *buxtou *buxtoms
genitive *buxtī *buxtous *buxtom
dative *buxtūi *buxtobom *buxtobos
instrumental *buxtū *buxtobim *buxtobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *buxtā *buxtai *buxtās
vocative *buxtā *buxtai *buxtās
accusative *buxtam *buxtai *buxtams
genitive *buxtās *buxtous *buxtom
dative *buxtai *buxtābom *buxtābos
instrumental *? *buxtābim *buxtābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *buxtom *buxtou *buxtā
vocative *buxtom *buxtou *buxtā
accusative *buxtom *buxtou *buxtā
genitive *buxtī *buxtous *buxtom
dative *buxtūi *buxtobom *buxtobos
instrumental *buxtū *buxtobim *buxtobis

Descendants

  • ⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *diβunɡɨd (from *dī-bungeti)
    • Middle Welsh: diuwg (“to break out, attack”)
  • Old Irish: bongaid (“to break, reap”)

References

  1. ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “Urkelt. *b-u-n-g-e/o- ‘brechen’”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 238-40
  2. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bu-n-g-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 84
  3. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *bʰeu̯g- “jmdm. nützen, Nutzen bringen””, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 84f.
  4. ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2023) “2. *bʰeu̯g-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎, page 12
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