Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/bungeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Likely the result of contamination of two Proto-Indo-European roots. The form continues Proto-Indo-European *bʰu-né-g-ti ~ *bʰu-n-g-énti, nasal-infix present of *bʰewg- (“to enjoy, benefit”), from which the meaning “to reap” can also be derived. The meaning “to break” seems to come from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewgʰ- (“to bend”), for which however no nasal-infix present is attested in other branches of Indo-European.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Verb

*bungeti

to break
to reap

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*bungū	*bungemam	*bibuxsū	*bubouga
2nd singular	*bungesi	*bungetās	*bibuxsesi	*bubougas?
3rd singular	*bungeti	*bungeto	*bibuxseti	*bubouge
1st plural	*bungomosi	*bungemo	*bibuxsomosi	*bubougmo
2nd plural	*bungetesi	*bungestē	*bibuxsetesi	*bubouxte
3rd plural	*bungonti	*bungento	*bibuxsonti	*bubougars
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*bounxsū	?	—
2nd singular	*bounxsesi	?	*bunge
3rd singular	*bounxseti	?	*bungetou
1st plural	*bounxsomosi	?	*bungomos
2nd plural	*bounxsetesi	?	*bungete
3rd plural	*bounxsonti	?	*bungontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*bungūr	—	*bibuxsūr	*bubougra
2nd singular	*bungetar	—	*bibuxsetar	*bubougras?
3rd singular	*bungetor	?	*bibuxsetor	*bubougre
1st plural	*bungommor	—	*bibuxsommor	?
2nd plural	*bungedwe	—	*bibuxsedwe	?
3rd plural	*bungontor	?	*bibuxsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*bounxsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*bounxsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*bounxsetor	—	—
1st plural	*bounxsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*bounxsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*bounxsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bungonts	*bungonte	*bungontes
vocative	*bungonts	*bungonte	*bungontes
accusative	*bungontam	*bungonte	*bungontans
genitive	*bungantos	*?	*bungantom
dative	*bungantei	*bungantbom	*bungantbos
instrumental	*bungantī?	*bungantbim	*bungantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bungantī	*bungantī	*bungantiyās
vocative	*bungantī	*bungantī	*bungantiyās
accusative	*bungantīm	*bungantī	*bungantiyans
genitive	*bungantyās	*?	*bungantyom
dative	*bungantyāi	*bungantyābom	*bungantyābos
instrumental	*?	*bungantyābim	*bungantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*bungont	*?	*bungonta
vocative	*bungont	*?	*bungonta
accusative	*bungont	*?	*bungonta
genitive	*bungantos	*?	*bungantom
dative	*bungantei	*?	*bungantbos
instrumental	*bungantī?	*?	*bungantbis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*buxtos	*buxtou	*buxtoi
vocative	*buxte	*buxtou	*buxtoi
accusative	*buxtom	*buxtou	*buxtons
genitive	*buxtī	*buxtous	*buxtom
dative	*buxtūi	*buxtobom	*buxtobos
instrumental	*buxtū	*buxtobim	*buxtobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*buxtā	*buxtai	*buxtās
vocative	*buxtā	*buxtai	*buxtās
accusative	*buxtam	*buxtai	*buxtans
genitive	*buxtās	*buxtous	*buxtom
dative	*buxtai	*buxtābom	*buxtābos
instrumental	*?	*buxtābim	*buxtābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*buxtom	*buxtou	*buxtā
vocative	*buxtom	*buxtou	*buxtā
accusative	*buxtom	*buxtou	*buxtā
genitive	*buxtī	*buxtous	*buxtom
dative	*buxtūi	*buxtobom	*buxtobos
instrumental	*buxtū	*buxtobim	*buxtobis

Descendants

⇒ Proto-Brythonic: *diβunɡɨd (from *dī-bungeti)
- Middle Welsh: diuwg (“to break out, attack”)
  - Welsh: difwng
Old Irish: bongaid (“to break, reap”)
- Middle Irish: boingid, buingid
  - ⇒ Irish: bain (“to take, reap, dig out”)

References

^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “Urkelt. *b-u-n-g-e/o- ‘brechen’”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 238-40
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bu-n-g-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 84
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *bʰeu̯g- “jmdm. nützen, Nutzen bringen””, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 84f.
^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “2. *bʰeu̯g-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎, page 12

[1] Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “Urkelt. *b-u-n-g-e/o- ‘brechen’”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 238-40

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bu-n-g-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 84

[3] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2. *bʰeu̯g- “jmdm. nützen, Nutzen bringen””, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 84f.

[4] Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2024) “2. *bʰeu̯g-”, in Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎, page 12

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