Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/swannati

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 This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From a nasal present to Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”).[1]

Verb

*swannati

  1. to produce sound

Inflection

Seṭ-root athematic present with stem ablaut, suffixless preterite
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *swannāmi *swannamam *siswansū *seswona
2nd singular *swannāsi *swannatās *siswansesi *seswonas?
3rd singular *swannāti *swannato *siswanseti *seswone
1st plural *swannamosi *swannamo *siswansomosi *seswonmo
2nd plural *swannatesi *swannastē *siswansetesi *seswone
3rd plural *swannanti *swannanto *siswansonti *seswonars
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *swenū ? —
2nd singular *swenesi ? *swannā
3rd singular *sweneti ? *swannātou
1st plural *swenomosi ? *swannamos
2nd plural *swenetesi ? *swannate
3rd plural *swenonti ? *swannantou
Passive voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *swannār — *siswansūr *seswonra
2nd singular *swannātar — *siswansetar *seswonras?
3rd singular *swannātor ? *siswansetor *seswonre
1st plural *swannammor — *siswansommor ?
2nd plural *swannadwe — *siswansedwe ?
3rd plural *swannantor ? *siswansontor ?
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *swenūr — —
2nd singular *swenetar — —
3rd singular *swenetor — —
1st plural *swenommor — —
2nd plural *swenedwe — —
3rd plural *swenontor — —
Declension of the past participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *swantos *swantou *swantoi
vocative *swante *swantou *swantoi
accusative *swantom *swantou *swantoms
genitive *swantī *swantous *swantom
dative *swantūi *swantobom *swantobos
instrumental *swantū *swantobim *swantobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *swantā *swantai *swantās
vocative *swantā *swantai *swantās
accusative *swantam *swantai *swantams
genitive *swantās *swantous *swantom
dative *swantai *swantābom *swantābos
instrumental *? *swantābim *swantābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *swantom *swantou *swantā
vocative *swantom *swantou *swantā
accusative *swantom *swantou *swantā
genitive *swantī *swantous *swantom
dative *swantūi *swantobom *swantobos
instrumental *swantū *swantobim *swantobis

Reconstruction notes

  • A neo-root *swenn- was spawned off this verb by Insular Celtic, from which *swannati was itself reformed to a simple thematic verb *swenneti and the o-grade derivative in Welsh honni was derived.[2]
  • This verb contaminated most reflexes of unrelated but similarly-shaped *sannati (“to reach”) in Irish.

Derived terms

  • *swonnīti (o-grade iterative)[3]
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Middle Welsh: honni
        • Welsh: honni (“to claim, assert”)

Descendants

  • Old Irish: seinnid (“to play a musical instrument”)

References

  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*swan-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 360–361
  2. ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 607-608
  3. ^ Stifter, David (2023) “The rise of gemination in Celtic”, in Open Research Europe‎, volume 3, number 24, →DOI, page 20
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