Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/yekkos

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 This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Etymology and reconstruction are difficult, not only due to the geminate -kk-, but also due to the inconsistent vowel between Old Irish ícc and the other Celtic words. All etymologies struggle with at least one of these two problems. A small catalogue of etymologies include:[1]

  • Attempting to relate to Ancient Greek ἄκος (ákos, “cure, medicine”) and Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀐𐀴𐀪𐀊𐀂 (a-ke-ti-ri-ja-i), 𐀊𐀐𐀳𐀩 (ja-ke-te-re, “healers”) is possible but phonologically difficult.
  • Schrijver offers an alternative in setting up *yet-kos, from *yet- (“to position oneself”).[2]
  • Stifter offers the possibility of derivation from *yek- (“to say”), with the necessary assumption of cures and good health being perceived as being delivered by magical words of power.

Adjective

*yekkos

  1. healthy

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *yakkos *yakkou *yakkoi
vocative *yakke *yakkou *yakkoi
accusative *yakkom *yakkou *yakkons
genitive *yakkī *yakkous *yakkom
dative *yakkūi *yakkobom *yakkobos
instrumental *yakkū *yakkobim *yakkobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *yakkā *yakkai *yakkās
vocative *yakkā *yakkai *yakkās
accusative *yakkam *yakkai *yakkans
genitive *yakkās *yakkous *yakkom
dative *yakkai *yakkābom *yakkābos
instrumental *? *yakkābim *yakkābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *yakkom *yakkou *yakkā
vocative *yakkom *yakkou *yakkā
accusative *yakkom *yakkou *yakkā
genitive *yakkī *yakkous *yakkom
dative *yakkūi *yakkobom *yakkobos
instrumental *yakkū *yakkobim *yakkobis
Declension of the comparative
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *yakkyūs *? *yakkyoses
vocative *yakkyūs *? *yakkyoses
accusative *yakkyosam *? *yakkyosans
genitive *yakkisos *? *yakkisom
dative *yakkisei *? *yakkisbos
instrumental *yakkisī *? *yakkisbis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *yakkyūs *? *yakkyoses
vocative *yakkyūs *? *yakkyoses
accusative *yakkyosam *? *yakkyosans
genitive *yakkisos *? *yakkisom
dative *yakkisei *? *yakkisbos
instrumental *yakkisī *? *yakkisbis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *yakkis *? *?
vocative *yakkis *? *?
accusative *yakkis *? *?
genitive *yakkisos *? *yakkisom
dative *yakkisei *? *yakkisbos
instrumental *yakkisī *? *yakkisbis

Alternative reconstructions

  • *īkkā? *yekkā? *yiyekkā?[4]
    • Old Irish: ícc, íc, hícc
      • Irish: íoc
      • Manx: eeck
      • Scottish Gaelic: ìoc

Descendants

References

  1. ^ Stifter, David (2023) “The rise of gemination in Celtic”, in Open Research Europe‎, volume 3, number 24, →DOI, page 35
  2. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1995) Studies in British Celtic historical phonology (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, pages 103-104
  3. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 68
  4. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*īkkā, *yekkā”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 171
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