Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ka-

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Probably related to Proto-Finnic *-k (second-person singular imperative ending), although how exactly is unclear.

*-ka- / *-kä-

1. Imperative mood marker in persons other than the second-person singular.

   Synonym: *-ko- (possibly)

The exact forms vary by descendant.

The second-person plural imperative (usually *-ka-dV, *-ka-de? < *-ka-ta, with the second-person plural personal ending *-ta):

• Estonian: -ke, -ge (e.g. olge, jooge, andke)
• Finnish: -kaa (e.g. olkaa, juokaa, antakaa)
• Ingrian: -kaa (e.g. olkaa, jookaa, antakaa)
• Karelian:
  • North Karelian: -kua/-kkua (e.g. olkua, juokua, antakkua)
  • South Karelian: -kua/-gua/-kkua (e.g. olkua, juogua, annakkua)
• Livvi: -kua/-kkua (e.g. olgua, juogua, annakkua)
• Ludian: -kat/-gat (e.g. olgat, d'uogat, antakat)
• Veps: -kat/-gat (e.g. olgat, jogat, antkat)
• Votic: -ka/-ga (e.g. õlka, juuka, antaga)

Unsorted:

• >? Livonian: -gīd, -gid, -õgid, -kkõd, -kõd (e.g. vȯlgid, jūogid, āndagid)
• Võro: -kõq/-gõq (e.g. olkõq, joogõq, andkõq)