Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kalma
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This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
Most likely from Proto-Uralic *kalma (“grave, death?”) (which would make the word a doublet with *koolëma), but compare also Proto-Germanic *kwalmaz (“killing, death”) (Proto-West Germanic *kwalm), *skalmǭ (“plague”).
Noun
*kalma
Inflection
Inflection of *kalma
| Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | |||
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *kalma | *kalmat | |
| accusative | *kalman | *kalmat | |
| genitive | *kalman | *kalmadën *kalmoidën | |
| partitive | *kalmada | *kalmoida | |
| inessive | *kalmassa *kalmahna |
*kalmoissa *kalmoihna | |
| elative | *kalmasta | *kalmoista | |
| illative | *kalmahën | *kalmoihën | |
| adessive | *kalmalla | *kalmoilla | |
| ablative | *kalmalta | *kalmoilta | |
| allative | *kalmalën *kalmalëk |
*kalmoilën *kalmoilëk | |
| essive | *kalmana | *kalmoina | |
| translative | *kalmaksi | *kalmoiksi | |
| instructive | *kalman | *kalmoin | |
| comitative | *kalmanëk | *kalmoinëk | |
| abessive | *kalmatta | *kalmoitta | |
Derived terms
Descendants
- Estonian: kalm
- Finnish: kalma
- Ingrian: kalmat (“cemetery”)
- Karelian:
- Livonian:
- Livvi: kalmu
- Ludian: kalm
- Veps: kaum, koum
- Võro: kalm
- Votic: kalmõ, kalmo
- → Proto-Samic: *kālmē (see there for further descendants)
References
- “kalm”, in Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
- Kylstra, A.D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Otto. 1991–2012. Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
- Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN