Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kolmi
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This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Finnic
| < 2 | 3 | 4 > |
|---|---|---|
| Cardinal : *kolmi Ordinal : *kolmanci | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Finno-Ugric *kolme. Many descendants point to an extended variant *kolmët. Compare also Eastern Mari кумыт (kumyt), predicative form of кум (kum, “3”); *kolmë was probably derived from this through deletion of the word-final *-t, and is found in several descendants. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term. explain *-t
Numeral
*kolmi[1]
Inflection
Inflection of *kolmi
| Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | |||
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *kolmi | *kolmët | |
| accusative | *kolmën | *kolmët | |
| genitive | *kolmën | *kolmëdën *kolmidën | |
| partitive | *kolmëda | *kolmida | |
| inessive | *kolmëssa *kolmëhna |
*kolmissa *kolmihna | |
| elative | *kolmësta | *kolmista | |
| illative | *kolmëhën | *kolmihën | |
| adessive | *kolmëlla | *kolmilla | |
| ablative | *kolmëlta | *kolmilta | |
| allative | *kolmëlën *kolmëlëk |
*kolmilën *kolmilëk | |
| essive | *kolmëna | *kolmina | |
| translative | *kolmëksi | *kolmiksi | |
| instructive | *kolmën | *kolmin | |
| comitative | *kolmënëk | *kolminëk | |
| abessive | *kolmëtta | *kolmitta | |
Derived terms
Descendants
- Estonian: kolm
- Finnish: kolmi (dialectal, rare; with a sporadic distribution, so might be by later analogy)
- Karelian:
- North Karelian: kolmi
- Livonian:
- Võro: kolm
From *kolmët:
- Finnish: kolme(ˣ) (with final gemination; primarily Western Finnish), kolmet, kolomet (Savonia, rare)
- Ingrian: kolt (with syncope)
- Votic: kõlmõd
From *kolmë (see the etymology section above):
- Finnish: kolme (without final gemination; primarily Savonia and Karelia)
- Karelian:
- Livvi: kolme
- Ludian: kolme
- Veps: koume
References
Further reading
- Lauri Kettunen: Suomen murteet III A. Murrekartasto, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki 1940. Map #35. (Online link http://kettunen.fnhost.org/html/kett035.html)
- “kolme”, in Suomen murteiden sanakirja [Dictionary of Finnish Dialects] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, incomplete, continuously updated), Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten keskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2022, →ISSN.