Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwangiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*þwangaz

Etymology

From earlier *þwanguz, from *þwinhaną (“to press”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθwɑŋ.ɡiz/

Noun

*þwangiz m

restraint, pressure
belt, strap, thong

Inflection

i-stemDeclension of *þwangiz (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*þwangiz	*þwangīz
vocative	*þwangi	*þwangīz
accusative	*þwangį	*þwanginz
genitive	*þwangīz	*þwangijǫ̂
dative	*þwangī	*þwangimaz
instrumental	*þwangī	*þwangimiz

Related terms

*þwinhaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þwangi, *þwang m (strong a-stem)
- Old English: þwang, þwong, þwæng, þweng
  - Middle English: thong, thwong, thwang
    - English: thong
    - Scots: thwang, thwayng, thang
    - Yola: fong
- Old Frisian: thwong, thwang
  - Saterland Frisian: Twoang
  - West Frisian: twang
- Old Saxon: *thwang
  - Middle Low German: dwanc, dwank
    - German Low German: Dwang
- Old Dutch: *thwang
  - Middle Dutch: dwanc
    - Dutch: dwang
      - Afrikaans: dwang
      - Negerhollands: twang
      - → Indonesian: paksaan (semantic loan)
- Old High German: dwang (“bit, bridle, rein, restraint”)
  - Middle High German: twanc
    - German: Zwang
Old Norse: þvengr
- Icelandic: þvengur
- Faroese: tvongur
- Norwegian: tveng (dialectal)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*þwangi-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555

[EDPG-1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*þwangi-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555

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