Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaidiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From earlier *arbaiþiz. Apparently linked to a verb *arbijaną, *arbāną (“be orphaned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”) +‎ *-tis (whence *-þiz), though the formation is unclear. Compare, with a different suffix, Proto-Slavic *orbota (“work”).^[1]

PIE word
*h₃órbʰos

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɑr.βɑi̯.ðiz/

Noun

*arbaidiz f^[1]^[2]

labour, work, toil
hardship, suffering

Inflection

i-stemDeclension of *arbaidiz (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*arbaidiz	*arbaidīz
vocative	*arbaidi	*arbaidīz
accusative	*arbaidį	*arbaidinz
genitive	*arbaidīz	*arbaidijǫ̂
dative	*arbaidī	*arbaidimaz
instrumental	*arbaidī	*arbaidimiz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *arbaiþi
- Old English: earfoþe, earfeþe, earfod
  - Middle English: arveð
- Old Frisian: arbēd
  - Saterland Frisian: Oarbaid
  - West Frisian: arbeid
- Old Saxon: arvēd, arƀed, arvid
  - Middle Low German: arbet, arbeit, arvêd, arveid
    - German Low German: Arbeid, Arbeit
    - → Icelandic: arbeiði, arbeið
    - → Faroese: arbeiði
    - → Norwegian: arbeid
    - → Old Swedish: arbeide, arbeyd, arbede, arbeyte, arbeyt, arbete, ærbete, arbet
      - Swedish: arbete
    - → Danish: arbejde
- Old Dutch: aruith, aruit, arbeit
  - Middle Dutch: arbeit
    - Dutch: arbeid
      - Afrikaans: arbeid
    - Limburgish: arbeid
- Old High German: arbeit, arabeit
  - Middle High German: arebeit, erebeit, arbeit, erbeit
    - Bavarian:
      Cimbrian: arbat, èrbot (Sette Comuni)
      Mòcheno: òrbet
    - Hunsrik: Aarvet
    - Upper Saxon German: Orbeid
    - German: Arbeit
      - → Japanese: アルバイト (arubaito, “part-time job”), バイト (baito)
      - → Korean: 아르바이트 (areubaiteu)
    - Luxembourgish: Aarbecht
    - Rhine Franconian:
      Hessian: Abeit
      Pennsylvania German: Arewet
    - Yiddish: אַרבעט (arbet)
Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 (arbaiþs)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*arbaidi-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 33
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*arbaidiz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 22

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*arbaidi-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 33

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*arbaidiz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 22

[1]

[2]