Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/biliz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰil-i-s, from *bʰil- (“good, decent”); the original sense seems to have been "equal, even". Cognate with Ancient Greek φίλος (phílos, “dear, beloved, lief”), Old Irish bil (“good, mild”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbi.liz/

Adjective

*biliz(West Germanic)

kind, gentle, merciful
decent, fair, equitable

Inflection

Declension of *biliz (i-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*biliz	*bilī	bilį, -jatō	*biljai	*biljôz	*biljō
accusative	*biljanǭ	*biljǭ	bilį, -jatō	*biljanz	*biljōz	*biljō
genitive	biljas, bilis	*biljaizōz	biljas, bilis	*biljaizǫ̂	*biljaizǫ̂	*biljaizǫ̂
dative	*biljammai	*biljaizōi	*biljammai	*biljaimaz	*biljaimaz	*biljaimaz
instrumental	*biljanō	*biljaizō	*biljanō	*biljaimiz	*biljaimiz	*biljaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*biljô	*biljǭ	*biljô	*biljaniz	*biljōniz	*biljōnō
accusative	*biljanų	*biljōnų	*biljô	*biljanunz	*biljōnunz	*biljōnō
genitive	*biliniz	*biljōniz	*biliniz	*biljanǫ̂	*biljōnǫ̂	*biljanǫ̂
dative	*bilini	*biljōni	*bilini	*biljammaz	*biljōmaz	*biljammaz
instrumental	*bilinē	*biljōnē	*bilinē	*biljammiz	*biljōmiz	*biljammiz

Alternative reconstructions

*bilaz

Derived terms

Proto-West Germanic: *billīk
Proto-West Germanic: *biliþī

Descendants

Old English: bile-, bele (in compounds: bilewit, belewit; bilehwīt)
- Middle English: bilewit, bilewhit
Old Frisian: *billīk
- Saterland Frisian: billich (“fair, equitable, just”)
- West Frisian: billik, binlik
Old Saxon: bili (in compound: biliwit; unbilithunga); *billīk
- Middle Low German: billik, billich, bilk
  - German Low German: billig
    - → Saterland Frisian: billich (“at fair/decent price, inexpensive, cheap”)
  - → Danish: billig
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: billig
  - → Swedish: billig
Old Dutch: *biliwit; *bili; *billīk
- Middle Dutch: beelwitte, belewitte, beluwitte; billic, bilc, billijc
  - Dutch: beeldwit; billijk, billig
    - Afrikaans: billik
Old High German: bili (in compounds: *biliwiz); billūh, billīh
- Middle High German: bilewiz, bilwiz, bilwīz; billich
  - Bavarian: büllich, büllig
  - German: billig
  - Yiddish: ביליק (bilik)
  - German: Bilwiz, Bilwis, Bilwiß, Bilweis (“a kind of demon; also a family name”)
  - Luxembourgish: bëlleg

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 64
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “ƀilaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 45
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 114: “*ƀila-”

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bila-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 64

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “ƀilaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 45

[3] Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 114: “*ƀila-”