Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brōþēr

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr (“brother”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbrɔː.θɛːr/

Noun

*brōþēr m

brother

Inflection

r-stemDeclension of *brōþēr (r-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*brōþēr	*brōþriz
vocative	*brōþer	*brōþriz
accusative	*brōþerų	*brōþrunz
genitive	*brōþurz	*brōþrǫ̂
dative	*brōþri	*brōþrumaz
instrumental	*brōþrē	*brōþrumiz

Derived terms

*brōþurbanô
*brōþurlausaz
- West Germanic: *brōþerlaus
*brōþurlīkaz (“brotherly”)
*brōþurskapiz (“brotherhood”)
*fōstrabrōþēr (“foster-brother”)

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *brōþer
- Old English: brōþor, brōþer, brōþur, brōðer, brōður
  - Middle English: brother
    - English: brother (see there for further descendants)
    - Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder
    - Yola: brover, brower
- Old Frisian: brōther
  - North Frisian:
    Amrum: bruder
    Föhr: bruler
    Northern Goesharder: (Hoolmer) broor, (Hoorninger) brår
    Southern Goesharder: brööðer
    Hallig: bröör
    Halunder: Bruur
    Mooring: brouder
    Sylt: Bröđer
  - Saterland Frisian: Brúur, Brour (Strukelje)
  - West Frisian: broer
- Old Saxon: brōthar
  - Middle Low German: brôder, brûder
    - German Low German: Broder, Broor, Bröör
    - Plautdietsch: Brooda
- Old Dutch: *bruothar
  - Middle Dutch: broeder
    - Dutch: broeder, broer
      - Afrikaans: broeder, broer
    - Limburgish: broor
- Old High German: bruoder
  - Middle High German: bruoder
    - Alemannic German: Brüeder, Brueder
      Italian Walser: briöder, bruder, brueder, bröder
    - Bavarian:
      Cimbrian: pruudar, pruadar (Luserna, Tredici Comuni)
      Mòcheno: pruader
      Northern Bavarian: ,
      Udinese: pruadar, prueder, pruider
    - Central Franconian: Broder, Bruder
      Hunsrik: Bruder
      Luxembourgish: Brudder
    - German: Bruder
    - Rhine Franconian: Bruder
      Frankfurterisch: ,
      Pennsylvania German: Bruder
    - Vilamovian: brüder
    - Yiddish: ברודער (bruder)
Old Norse: bróðir
- Icelandic: bróðir
- Faroese: bróðir
- Norn: brui
- Norwegian Bokmål: bror
- Elfdalian: bruoðer
- Old Swedish: brōþir, ᛒᚱᚮᚦᛁᚱ
  - Swedish: broder, bror
- Old Danish: brōthær
  - Danish: bror, broder
    - Norwegian Bokmål: broder
- Gutnish: bródar, brór
Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂 (brōþar)
- Crimean Gothic: bruder

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*brōþer”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 79

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*brōþer”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 79

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