Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dunjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *duniz (“sound”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdun.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*dunjaną

to make a noise, to resound

Inflection

Conjugation of *dunjaną (weak class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*dunjō	*dunjaų	—	*dunjai	?
2nd singular	*dunisi	*dunjais	*duni	*dunjasai	*dunjaisau
3rd singular	*duniþi	*dunjai	*dunjaþau	*dunjaþai	*dunjaiþau
1st dual	*dunjōs	*dunjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*dunjaþiz	*dunjaiþiz	*dunjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*dunjamaz	*dunjaim	—	*dunjanþai	*dunjainþau
2nd plural	*duniþ	*dunjaiþ	*duniþ	*dunjanþai	*dunjainþau
3rd plural	*dunjanþi	*dunjain	*dunjanþau	*dunjanþai	*dunjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*dunidǭ	*dunidēdį̄
2nd singular	*dunidēz	*dunidēdīz
3rd singular	*dunidē	*dunidēdī
1st dual	*dunidēdū	*dunidēdīw
2nd dual	*dunidēdudiz	*dunidēdīdiz
1st plural	*dunidēdum	*dunidēdīm
2nd plural	*dunidēdud	*dunidēdīd
3rd plural	*dunidēdun	*dunidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*dunjandz	*dunidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *dunnjan
- Old English: dynnan, dynian
  - Middle English: dynen, dyne, dinen
    - English: dine
    - Scots: dine
- Old Saxon: dunnian
  - Middle Low German: *dönnen, dȫnen
- Old High German: *tunnen, *tunen
  - Middle High German: dunen, dünen
    - German: dünen (archaic)
Old Norse: dynja
- Icelandic: dynja
- Bokmål: dynje
- Nynorsk: dynje, dynja

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*dunjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 79

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*dunjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 79