Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gōdijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *gōdaz (“good”) +‎ *-janą. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *godìti.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɔː.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gōdijaną^[1]

to make good, improve

Inflection

Conjugation of *gōdijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*gōdijō	*gōdijaų	—	*gōdijai	?
2nd singular	*gōdīsi	*gōdijais	*gōdī	*gōdijasai	*gōdijaisau
3rd singular	*gōdīþi	*gōdijai	*gōdijaþau	*gōdijaþai	*gōdijaiþau
1st dual	*gōdijōs	*gōdijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*gōdijaþiz	*gōdijaiþiz	*gōdijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*gōdijamaz	*gōdijaim	—	*gōdijanþai	*gōdijainþau
2nd plural	*gōdīþ	*gōdijaiþ	*gōdīþ	*gōdijanþai	*gōdijainþau
3rd plural	*gōdijanþi	*gōdijain	*gōdijanþau	*gōdijanþai	*gōdijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gōdidǭ	*gōdidēdį̄
2nd singular	*gōdidēz	*gōdidēdīz
3rd singular	*gōdidē	*gōdidēdī
1st dual	*gōdidēdū	*gōdidēdīw
2nd dual	*gōdidēdudiz	*gōdidēdīdiz
1st plural	*gōdidēdum	*gōdidēdīm
2nd plural	*gōdidēdud	*gōdidēdīd
3rd plural	*gōdidēdun	*gōdidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*gōdijandz	*gōdidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *gōdijan
- Old Frisian: gēda
- Old Saxon: *gōdian
  - Middle Low German: gö̂den, güden
- Old Dutch: *guoden, *guoten
  - Middle Dutch: goeden
    - Dutch: goeden (obsolete)
- Old High German: *guoten
  - Middle High German: güeten
  - ⇒ Old High German: giguoten
Old Norse: gœða
- Icelandic: gæða
- Old Swedish: gø̄þa
  - Swedish: göda
- Danish: gøde

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*gōdjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138

[HGE-1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*gōdjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138

[1]

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gōdijaną

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