Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gebaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ-e-ti, from *gʰebʰ- (“to give, move”) (traditionally *gʰabʰ-^[1]). Cognate with Latvian gãbtiês (“to snatch, grab, seize”), Lithuanian góbti (id.), Proto-Slavic *gabati (“to seize, take”) and Sanskrit गभस्ति (gábhasti, “arm, hand”).^[2]

Some Leiden scholars reject the existence of *gʰebʰ- without a laryngeal, reconstructing it as *gʰeHbʰ-, and therefore reject the appurtenance of Germanic *geb-. Kortlandt proposes to connect Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep- (“to seize”) and assumes it was prefixed in Proto-Germanic with *ga-.^[3]^[4]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gebaną

to give (with dative object)

Inflection

Conjugation of *gebaną (strong class 5)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*gebō	*gebaų	—	*gebai	?
2nd singular	*gibizi	*gebaiz	*geb	*gebazai	*gebaizau
3rd singular	*gibidi	*gebai	*gebadau	*gebadai	*gebaidau
1st dual	*gebōz	*gebaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*gebadiz	*gebaidiz	*gebadiz	—	—
1st plural	*gebamaz	*gebaim	—	*gebandai	*gebaindau
2nd plural	*gibid	*gebaid	*gibid	*gebandai	*gebaindau
3rd plural	*gebandi	*gebain	*gebandau	*gebandai	*gebaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gab	*gēbį̄
2nd singular	*gaft	*gēbīz
3rd singular	*gab	*gēbī
1st dual	*gēbū	*gēbīw
2nd dual	*gēbudiz	*gēbīdiz
1st plural	*gēbum	*gēbīm
2nd plural	*gēbud	*gēbīd
3rd plural	*gēbun	*gēbīn

	present	past
participles	*gebandz	*gebanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *geban
- Old English: ġiefan, ġifan — West Saxon, ġyfan — Late West Saxon, ġefan, ġeofan, ġiofan — Non-West Saxon
  - Middle English: yiven, ȝeven, ȝiven, yeven
    - English: yive
    - Yola: yie, ye, yive
  - ⇒ Middle English: given, gifen, geven
    - English: give
    - Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe
    - Yola: gee
    (influenced by Old Norse gefa)
- Old Frisian: jeva
  - North Frisian: jiw
    Föhr-Amrum: jiiw
    Mooring: jeewe
  - West Frisian: jaan
- Old Saxon: gevan, geƀan
  - Middle Low German: geven
    - Low German: geven, gewen, giäwen, giewen
- Old Dutch: gevan
  - Middle Dutch: gēven
    - Dutch: geven
      - Afrikaans: gee
      - Javindo: heef
      - Jersey Dutch: xêve
      - Negerhollands: gie, gi, giev, gief
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: gef
    - Limburgish: gaeve
- Old High German: geban
  - Middle High German: geben
    - Alemannic German: gë, gua, gää, gea
    - Bavarian: gebn
      Cimbrian: gem, ghèban (Sette Comuni)
    - Central Franconian: jevve, jenn, gewe, gewwe, genn
      Hunsrik: gewe
      Luxembourgish: ginn
    - East Franconian: geb, gebe, gewe
    - German: geben
    - Rhine Franconian:
      Pennsylvania German: gewwe
    - Vilamovian: gaon, gann
    - Yiddish: געבן (gebn)
Proto-Norse: ᚷᛁᛒᚢ (gibu, 1sg.pres.ind.), ᚷᛡᚠ (gᴀf, 1/3sg.past.ind.)
- Old Norse: gefa, ᚴᛅᚠ (kaf) — first/third singular past indicative, Runic form, ᚴᛅᚠᚢ (kafu) — third plural past indicative, Runic form
  - Icelandic: gefa
  - Faroese: geva
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: gjeva, gje, giva; (dialectal) gjåvå
  - Elfdalian: djävå
  - Old Swedish: giva, gæva, giffua, giffwa
    - Swedish: giva
  - Danish: give
    - Norwegian Bokmål: give, gi
      - → Norwegian Nynorsk: gi
  - Scanian: gi
    - Hallandian: ge
  - Gutnish: giva, gi
  - → Middle English: given (influenced by native Old English ġiefan)
    - Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe
    - English: give
Gothic: 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (giban)

References

^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ʒeƀanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 130
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰebʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 193
^ Kortlandt, Frederik (1992) “The Germanic fifth class of strong verbs”, in North-Western European Language Evolution (NOWELE), volume 19, number 1, page 104-5 of 101–107
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*geban-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 172–173

[1] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ʒeƀanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 130

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰebʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 193

[3] Kortlandt, Frederik (1992) “The Germanic fifth class of strong verbs”, in North-Western European Language Evolution (NOWELE), volume 19, number 1, page 104-5 of 101–107

[4] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*geban-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 172–173

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Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gebaną

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