Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gnaganą
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Alternative forms
Etymology
Probably onomatopoeic; or from Proto-Indo-European *gʰnēgʰ- (“to gnaw, scratch”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰen- (“to gnaw, grate, scrate, whit”).
Pronunciation
Verb
- to gnaw
Inflection
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *gnagō | *gnagaų | — | *gnagai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *gnagizi | *gnagaiz | *gnag | *gnagazai | *gnagaizau | |
| 3rd singular | *gnagidi | *gnagai | *gnagadau | *gnagadai | *gnagaidau | |
| 1st dual | *gnagōz | *gnagaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *gnagadiz | *gnagaidiz | *gnagadiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *gnagamaz | *gnagaim | — | *gnagandai | *gnagaindau | |
| 2nd plural | *gnagid | *gnagaid | *gnagid | *gnagandai | *gnagaindau | |
| 3rd plural | *gnagandi | *gnagain | *gnagandau | *gnagandai | *gnagaindau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *gnōg | *gnōgį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *gnōht | *gnōgīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *gnōg | *gnōgī | ||||
| 1st dual | *gnōgū | *gnōgīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *gnōgudiz | *gnōgīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *gnōgum | *gnōgīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *gnōgud | *gnōgīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *gnōgun | *gnōgīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *gnagandz | *gnaganaz | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *gnagan, *knagan
- Old Norse: gnaga, naga
References
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gnagan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 183
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒnaʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 137
- ^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “GNAG-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 233