Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/halbaz
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Apparently from a pre-Germanic *kolp-ó-s, of unclear further origin.[1] Possibly from a p-extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut”) (through a sense “divided”), and cognate with Sanskrit कॢप् (kḷp, “to manage, succeed, be fit”) (though Kroonen is skeptical due to the wide semantic gap[note 1]),[2] or from a stem *ḱol-bʰo-, and cognate with Lithuanian šalìs (“side, strip of land”).[3] Alternatively, a recent theory suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *halpa, *halba- (“cheap, reduced”) (compare Finnish halpa (“cheap”), Estonian halb (“bad”)),[4] itself possibly from Proto-Germanic *salwaz (“sallow, dirty”).
Pronunciation
Adjective
*halbaz
- half
- Synonyms: *sēmi-, *twaidijaz
Inflection
Declension of *halbaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *halbaz | *halbai | *halbō | *halbôz | *halbą, -atō | *halbō |
| Accusative | *halbanǭ | *halbanz | *halbǭ | *halbōz | *halbą, -atō | *halbō |
| Genitive | *halbas, -is | *halbaizǫ̂ | *halbaizōz | *halbaizǫ̂ | *halbas, -is | *halbaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *halbammai | *halbaimaz | *halbaizōi | *halbaimaz | *halbammai | *halbaimaz |
| Instrumental | *halbanō | *halbaimiz | *halbaizō | *halbaimiz | *halbanō | *halbaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *halbô | *halbaniz | *halbǭ | *halbōniz | *halbô | *halbōnō |
| Accusative | *halbanų | *halbanunz | *halbōnų | *halbōnunz | *halbô | *halbōnō |
| Genitive | *halbiniz | *halbanǫ̂ | *halbōniz | *halbōnǫ̂ | *halbiniz | *halbanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *halbini | *halbammaz | *halbōni | *halbōmaz | *halbini | *halbammaz |
| Instrumental | *halbinē | *halbammiz | *halbōnē | *halbōmiz | *halbinē | *halbammiz |
Derived terms
- *Halbadaniz (“Half-Dane”)
- *halbadaudaz
- *halbiþō
- *halbō
- *halbǭ
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *halb
- Old Norse: halfr, hálfr — western dialects
- Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍃 (halbs)
Notes
References
- ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*halba-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 204
- ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xalƀaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 154
- ^ American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots
- ^ Hyllested, Adam (2014) Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact (PhD. dissertation), Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, pages 103–105