Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hradaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *hraþaz

Uncertain. Per Kroonen, most likely from Proto-Indo-European *kret- (“to shake, move suddenly”), whence also the verbs *hurtoną and *hrattōną (“to rush, tumble”); cognate with Old Irish crothaim (“I shake”), Latvian kratît (“to shake out”), Lithuanian kratýti (“id.”), Latvian krist (“to fall, drop, die”), Lithuanian kri̇̀sti (“id.”), and Lithuanian kretė́ti (“to tremble (with old age)”).

Formerly derived from Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (compare Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, “I swing, brandish”), Sanskrit कूर्दति (kūrdati, “(s/he) leaps”), Proto-Celtic *kerdeti (“puts, lays; moves”)), but the root codas (PGmc *d ~ *þ versus PIE *d) do not match. Compare Proto-Germanic *herzô (“hinge”) and Old High German scerdo (“hinge”).

• IPA^(key): /ˈxrɑ.ðɑz/

*hradaz

1. quick, hasty

   Synonym: *hurskaz

• *hradjaną
• *hrattōną
• *hurskaz (perhaps)
• *hurtoną

• Proto-West Germanic: *hrad, *hraþ
  • Old English: hræd, hræþ
    • Middle English: rad, radde, rade, red, ræd (Early Middle English)
      • Scots: redd, red
  • Old Dutch: *rath, *rad
    • Middle Dutch: rat
      • Dutch: rad
        • ⇒ Afrikaans: rats
  • Old High German: hrat, hrad, (from the 9th C. primarily) rad
• Old Norse: hraðr
  • Icelandic: hraður
  • Norwegian: rad
  • Old Swedish: radher
    • Swedish: rad