Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hraukaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unknown; but apparently cognate with Lithuanian kruvà, krûvà (“pile, heap, stack”), Old Irish crúach (“stack of corn, rick”). Possibly Proto-Indo-European *krewH- (“to heap up”).^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxrɑu̯.kɑz/

Noun

*hraukaz m

pile (of stones); heap
Synonym: *hrūgǭ
haystack

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *hraukaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hraukaz	hraukōz, hraukōs
vocative	*hrauk	hraukōz, hraukōs
accusative	*hrauką	*hraukanz
genitive	hraukas, hraukis	*hraukǫ̂
dative	*hraukai	*hraukamaz
instrumental	*hraukō	*hraukamiz

Derived terms

*hraukilaz

Related terms

*hrugjaz (“back, spine, ridge”)
*hrūgǭ (“heap, pile”)
*hrukō

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hrauk
- Old English: hrēac, hrēc — Anglian
  - Middle English: rek, reek, reke
    - English: reek, rick
    - Middle Scots: reek, rick
- Old Saxon: hrōk
- Old Dutch: *hrouk, *hrōk
  - Middle Dutch: rooc
    - Dutch: rook
Old Norse: hraukr
- Icelandic: hraukur
- Faroese: reykur
- Norwegian: rauk
- Old Swedish: rø̄ker
  - Swedish: rök
- Danish: røg
- Gutnish: rauk
  - → Swedish: rauk
- → Middle English: *rowk, roke, rooke
  - Scots: rowke, rouk, rook
? Finnic:
- → Estonian: rõuk
- → Finnish: röykkiö, roukkio
- → Ingrian: roukko
- → Veps: rouk

References

^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “krowko”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226-27
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1513”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1513

[1] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “krowko”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 226-27

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1513”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1513

[1]

[2]