Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hummōną

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 This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *km̥H-néh₂-ti, probably onomatopoeic from a root *kemH- (“to hum”). Cognate with Lithuanian kìmti (“wheeze, become hoarse”), kimùs (“hoarse”), Proto-Slavic *čьmèľь (“bumblebee”), *komãrъ (“mosquito”).

Verb

*hummōną

  1. to hum

Inflection

Conjugation of *hummōną (weak class 2)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hummō *hummǭ — *hummōi ?
2nd singular *hummōsi *hummōs *hummō *hummōsai *hummōsau
3rd singular *hummōþi *hummō *hummōþau *hummōþai *hummōþau
1st dual *hummōs *hummōw — — —
2nd dual *hummōþiz *hummōþiz *hummōþiz — —
1st plural *hummōmaz *hummōm — *hummōnþai *hummōnþau
2nd plural *hummōþ *hummōþ *hummōþ *hummōnþai *hummōnþau
3rd plural *hummōnþi *hummōn *hummōnþau *hummōnþai *hummōnþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *hummōdǭ *hummōdēdį̄
2nd singular *hummōdēz *hummōdēdīz
3rd singular *hummōdē *hummōdēdī
1st dual *hummōdēdū *hummōdēdīw
2nd dual *hummōdēdudiz *hummōdēdīdiz
1st plural *hummōdēdum *hummōdēdīm
2nd plural *hummōdēdud *hummōdēdīd
3rd plural *hummōdēdun *hummōdēdīn
present past
participles *hummōndz *hummōdaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *hummōn
    • Old English: hummen (“to buzz, hum”)
      • Middle English: hummen (“to hum, buzz, drone”)
    • Dutch: hommelen (“to bumble, buzz”); hommen (“to buzz, hum”) (dialectal)
    • Middle High German: hummen (“to hum”)
  • Norwegian: humre (“whinny softly”)

Further reading

  • Guus Kroonen (2013) “*humela-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 255: “m. 'bumblebee'”
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