Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kīnaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *ǵey-n-, originally a nasal-present from Proto-Indo-European *ǵeyH- (“to break open, germinate”). Cognate with Lithuanian žydė́ti (“to flower, bloom”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkiː.nɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kīnaną^[2]^[3]

to split open, sprout, germinate

Inflection

Conjugation of *kīnaną (strong class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kīnō	*kīnaų	—	*kīnai	?
2nd singular	*kīnizi	*kīnaiz	*kīn	*kīnazai	*kīnaizau
3rd singular	*kīnidi	*kīnai	*kīnadau	*kīnadai	*kīnaidau
1st dual	*kīnōz	*kīnaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kīnadiz	*kīnaidiz	*kīnadiz	—	—
1st plural	*kīnamaz	*kīnaim	—	*kīnandai	*kīnaindau
2nd plural	*kīnid	*kīnaid	*kīnid	*kīnandai	*kīnaindau
3rd plural	*kīnandi	*kīnain	*kīnandau	*kīnandai	*kīnaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kai	*kijį̄
2nd singular	*kait	*kijīz
3rd singular	*kai	*kijī
1st dual	*kijū	*kijīw
2nd dual	*kijudiz	*kijīdiz
1st plural	*kijum	*kijīm
2nd plural	*kijud	*kijīd
3rd plural	*kijun	*kijīn

	present	past
participles	*kīnandz	*kijanaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kīnan
- Old English: ċīnan
  - Middle English: chynen, chine, chyne
    - English: chine (obsolete)
    - Scots: chime, chun
- Old Frisian: *kīna
  - Saterland Frisian: kiene
- Old Saxon: kīnan
  - Middle Low German: kînen, ⇒ kîmen (influenced by kīme)
    - German Low German: kienen
- Old Dutch: *kīnan
  - Middle Dutch: kinen
- Old High German: kīnan
  - Middle High German: kīnen, ⇒ kīmen (influenced by kīme)
    - German: keimen
- →⇒ Old French: rekigner, reschignier, rechignier (“to grimace”)
  - Old French: *rekin, reschin (“shark”)
    - Middle French: requin (via Norman French)
      - French: requin
        → English: requin
Gothic: 𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 (keinan)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 161
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kīnan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 287
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kīnanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 214

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 161

[2] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kīnan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 287

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kīnanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 214

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