Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kalwaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From pre-Germanic *golH-wo-s (found also in Balto-Slavic), from Proto-Indo-European *gelH- (“bald, bare; head”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑl.wɑz/

Adjective

*kalwaz

bald

Inflection

Declension of *kalwaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kalwaz	*kalwō	*kalwą, -atō	*kalwai	*kalwôz	*kalwō
accusative	*kalwanǭ	*kalwǭ	*kalwą, -atō	*kalwanz	*kalwōz	*kalwō
genitive	*kalwas, -is	*kalwaizōz	*kalwas, -is	*kalwaizǫ̂	*kalwaizǫ̂	*kalwaizǫ̂
dative	*kalwammai	*kalwaizōi	*kalwammai	*kalwaimaz	*kalwaimaz	*kalwaimaz
instrumental	*kalwanō	*kalwaizō	*kalwanō	*kalwaimiz	*kalwaimiz	*kalwaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kalwô	*kalwǭ	*kalwô	*kalwaniz	*kalwōniz	*kalwōnō
accusative	*kalwanų	*kalwōnų	*kalwô	*kalwanunz	*kalwōnunz	*kalwōnō
genitive	*kalwiniz	*kalwōniz	*kalwiniz	*kalwanǫ̂	*kalwōnǫ̂	*kalwanǫ̂
dative	*kalwini	*kalwōni	*kalwini	*kalwammaz	*kalwōmaz	*kalwammaz
instrumental	*kalwinē	*kalwōnē	*kalwinē	*kalwammiz	*kalwōmiz	*kalwammiz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kalu
- Old English: calu
  - Middle English: calwe
    - English: callow
- Old Frisian: kale, kāle
  - Saterland Frisian: koal
  - West Frisian: keal
- Old Saxon: kalo
  - Middle Low German: kāle, kāl
    - German Low German: kahl
    - → Swedish: kal
- Old Dutch: *kalo
  - Middle Dutch: cale, calu
    - Dutch: kaal
- Old High German: kalo, chalo; kalwēr, chalwēr, chalawēr
  - Middle High German: kal
    - German: kahl
    - Luxembourgish: kuel
Old Norse: *kǫlr
- Swedish: kal, kalka (dialectal)
→ Proto-Samic: *kālvë (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kalwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 278

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*kalwa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 278