Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kringaną

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 This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”). Related to Lithuanian gręžti (“to bore, drill”).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈkriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kringaną[1][2]

  1. (West Germanic) to turn, fall, yield

Inflection

Conjugation of *kringaną (strong class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *kringō *kringaų — *kringai ?
2nd singular *kringizi *kringaiz *kring *kringazai *kringaizau
3rd singular *kringidi *kringai *kringadau *kringadai *kringaidau
1st dual *kringōz *kringaiw — — —
2nd dual *kringadiz *kringaidiz *kringadiz — —
1st plural *kringamaz *kringaim — *kringandai *kringaindau
2nd plural *kringid *kringaid *kringid *kringandai *kringaindau
3rd plural *kringandi *kringain *kringandau *kringandai *kringaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *krang *krungį̄
2nd singular *kranht *krungīz
3rd singular *krang *krungī
1st dual *krungū *krungīw
2nd dual *krungudiz *krungīdiz
1st plural *krungum *krungīm
2nd plural *krungud *krungīd
3rd plural *krungun *krungīn
present past
participles *kringandz *krunganaz

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Old English: cringan, crincan (< *krinkaną)
  • Old Dutch: *kringan

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kringan- ~ *krinkan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*krenʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 221
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