Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/manniskaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *mann- +‎ *-iskaz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈmɑn.nis.kɑz/

Adjective

*manniskaz

human

Inflection

Declension of *manniskaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*manniskaz	*manniskō	*manniską, -atō	*manniskai	*manniskôz	*manniskō
accusative	*manniskanǭ	*manniskǭ	*manniską, -atō	*manniskanz	*manniskōz	*manniskō
genitive	*manniskas, -is	*manniskaizōz	*manniskas, -is	*manniskaizǫ̂	*manniskaizǫ̂	*manniskaizǫ̂
dative	*manniskammai	*manniskaizōi	*manniskammai	*manniskaimaz	*manniskaimaz	*manniskaimaz
instrumental	*manniskanō	*manniskaizō	*manniskanō	*manniskaimiz	*manniskaimiz	*manniskaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*manniskô	*manniskǭ	*manniskô	*manniskaniz	*manniskōniz	*manniskōnō
accusative	*manniskanų	*manniskōnų	*manniskô	*manniskanunz	*manniskōnunz	*manniskōnō
genitive	*manniskiniz	*manniskōniz	*manniskiniz	*manniskanǫ̂	*manniskōnǫ̂	*manniskanǫ̂
dative	*manniskini	*manniskōni	*manniskini	*manniskammaz	*manniskōmaz	*manniskammaz
instrumental	*manniskinē	*manniskōnē	*manniskinē	*manniskammiz	*manniskōmiz	*manniskammiz

Descendants

In several daughter languages, this word only survives as a substantivised form of the weak declension. In Proto-Germanic, this would have originally meant 'he who/that which is human'.

Proto-West Germanic: *mannisk
- Old English: mennisċ
  - Middle English: mennesc, mennish, mænnisc, mannish
    - English: mennish, mannish
- Old Frisian: menniska, manniska
  - North Frisian: mansche
  - Saterland Frisian: Moanske
  - West Frisian: minske
- Old Saxon: mennisk, mennisko
  - Middle Low German: mensche, minsche
    - Low German:
      - Dutch Low Saxon: meanske, méénse
      - German Low German: Minsch
        Hamburgisch: Mensch
        
        Westphalian:
        Paderbornisch: Mensk m (poetic), Minsche m
        
        Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Minske
        
        Westmünsterlandisch: Mensk, Menske, Määnske, Määske, Mense, Mentse, Mainske, Maiske
    - Plautdietsch: Mensch
  - → Old Norse: manneskja
    - Icelandic: manneskja
    - Faroese: menniskja
    - Norwegian Bokmål: menneske
    - Old Swedish: mænniskia
      - Swedish: människa
    - Danish: menneske
- Old Dutch: *mennisko
  - Middle Dutch: mensc, mensch
    - Dutch: mens
- Old High German: mennisko, mennisk
  - Middle High German: mensch, mensche
    - Alemannic German: Mänsch
    - Bavarian: Mensch
      Mòcheno: mènsch
    - Central Franconian:
      Hunsrik: Mensch
      Kölsch: Minsch
      Luxembourgish: Mënsch
    - German: Mensch
    - Rhine Franconian: Mensch (Frankfurterisch)
      Pennsylvania German: Mensch
    - Vilamovian: menś
    - Yiddish: מענטש (mentsh)
      - → English: mensch
Old Norse: mennskr, mennska
- Icelandic: mennskur, mennska
- Faroese: menskur
- Old Swedish: mænsker
  - Swedish: mänska
- → Middle English: menske
  - English: mensk, mense
Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (mannisks)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*manniska-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 345

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*manniska-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 345