Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nīwalaz
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Likely from earlier *nīgwala-, denominative adjective from pre-Germanic *nih₃kʷ- (“looking down, facing down”), compound of Proto-Indo-European *ni (“down”) and *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”). Compare Sanskrit नीच (nīca, “below, down”). For a similar formation, see Ancient Greek ὀπιπεύω (opipeúō) < *h₁opi-h₃kʷ-.
Pronunciation
Adjective
*nīwalaz
Inflection
Declension of *nīwalaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *nīwalaz | *nīwalai | *nīwalō | *nīwalôz | *nīwalą, -atō | *nīwalō |
| Accusative | *nīwalanǭ | *nīwalanz | *nīwalǭ | *nīwalōz | *nīwalą, -atō | *nīwalō |
| Genitive | *nīwalas, -is | *nīwalaizǫ̂ | *nīwalaizōz | *nīwalaizǫ̂ | *nīwalas, -is | *nīwalaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *nīwalammai | *nīwalaimaz | *nīwalaizōi | *nīwalaimaz | *nīwalammai | *nīwalaimaz |
| Instrumental | *nīwalanō | *nīwalaimiz | *nīwalaizō | *nīwalaimiz | *nīwalanō | *nīwalaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *nīwalô | *nīwalaniz | *nīwalǭ | *nīwalōniz | *nīwalô | *nīwalōnō |
| Accusative | *nīwalanų | *nīwalanunz | *nīwalōnų | *nīwalōnunz | *nīwalô | *nīwalōnō |
| Genitive | *nīwaliniz | *nīwalanǫ̂ | *nīwalōniz | *nīwalōnǫ̂ | *nīwaliniz | *nīwalanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *nīwalini | *nīwalammaz | *nīwalōni | *nīwalōmaz | *nīwalini | *nīwalammaz |
| Instrumental | *nīwalinē | *nīwalammiz | *nīwalōnē | *nīwalōmiz | *nīwalinē | *nīwalammiz |
Descendants
- Old English: neowol, nēol, nihol, niwol
- Middle English: neall
- Middle Low German: nigel, nule (adverb)
- Middle Dutch: niel (adverb)
References
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 182