Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stahlą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *stahlaz, *stahalaz (“firm, fast”), from Proto-Indo-European *stek- (“to be firm, stand fast”). Cognate with Old Prussian pannu-staclan (“fire-striker”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈstɑx.lɑ̃/

Noun

*stahlą n^[1]

steel

Inflection

neuter a-stemDeclension of *stahlą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*stahlą	*stahlō
vocative	*stahlą	*stahlō
accusative	*stahlą	*stahlō
genitive	stahlas, stahlis	*stahlǫ̂
dative	*stahlai	*stahlamaz
instrumental	*stahlō	*stahlamiz

Derived terms

*stahliją
- Proto-West Germanic: *stahlī
*stahlijaną

Related terms

*stagilaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *stahl, *stahlī (northern)
- Old Saxon: *stāl
  - Middle Low German: stâl
    - German Low German: Stahl
    - Low German: staal
    - Plautdietsch: Stol
- Old Dutch: stāl
  - Middle Dutch: stâel
    - Dutch: staal
      - Afrikaans: staal
        → Xhosa: isitali
      - Negerhollands: staal
      - → Papiamentu: stal, staal
    - Limburgish: stjaol
    - West Flemish: stoal
- Old High German: stahal, stāl
  - Middle High German: stahel, stāl (especially Central German), stachel, stagel (Upper German)
    - Alemannic German: Staal
    - German: Stahl (see there for further descendants)
    - Hunsrik: Staal
    - Luxembourgish: Stol
    - Yiddish: שטאָל (shtol)
Old Norse: stál
- Icelandic: stál
- Faroese: stál
- Norwegian: stål
- Elfdalian: stą̊l
- Old Swedish: stāl
  - Swedish: stål
- Danish: stål
→ Proto-Samic: *stālē (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*stahla-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 472: “n. ʻsteelʼ”

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*stahla-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 472: “n. ʻsteelʼ”

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