Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/waraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *worós (“attentive”), from *wer- (“to heed; be watchful”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwɑ.rɑz/

Adjective

*waraz

cautious; heedful; wary; watchful

Inflection

Declension of *waraz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*waraz	*warō	*warą, -atō	*warai	*warôz	*warō
accusative	*waranǭ	*warǭ	*warą, -atō	*waranz	*warōz	*warō
genitive	*waras, -is	*waraizōz	*waras, -is	*waraizǫ̂	*waraizǫ̂	*waraizǫ̂
dative	*warammai	*waraizōi	*warammai	*waraimaz	*waraimaz	*waraimaz
instrumental	*waranō	*waraizō	*waranō	*waraimiz	*waraimiz	*waraimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*warô	*warǭ	*warô	*waraniz	*warōniz	*warōnō
accusative	*waranų	*warōnų	*warô	*waranunz	*warōnunz	*warōnō
genitive	*wariniz	*warōniz	*wariniz	*waranǫ̂	*warōnǫ̂	*waranǫ̂
dative	*warini	*warōni	*warini	*warammaz	*warōmaz	*warammaz
instrumental	*warinē	*warōnē	*warinē	*warammiz	*warōmiz	*warammiz

Derived terms

*gawaraz → Proto-West Germanic *gawar
*waralīkaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *war
- Old English: wær
  - Middle English: war, ware
    - English: ware
- Old Frisian: war, ware
  - ⇒ West Frisian: warskôgje
- Old Saxon: war
- Old Dutch: *war
  - Middle Dutch: waer (in compounds: waerschuwen, ontware, ontwaer, etc.)
- Old High German: war
Old Norse: varr
- Icelandic: var
- Faroese: varur
- Norwegian: var
- Old Swedish: var
  - Swedish: var; varsam
- Danish: var
Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍃 (wars)
→ Proto-Finnic: *vara (< *warō)
- Estonian: vara
- Finnish: vara
- Ingrian: vara
- Karelian: vara
- Veps: vara

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*wara-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 574

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*wara-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 574