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Proto-Hmong-Mien
Etymology
Compare Austroasiatic: Proto-Austroasiatic *ɕaːm.
Noun
*ntshjamˣ
- blood
Descendants
- Hmongic
- Pa Hng
- Pa Hng - Gundong 滚董: ȵ̥ei³¹
- Hm Nai - Mao'ao 毛坳: ȵtɕʰe³¹³
- North Hmongic
- West Xiangxi (Xong) - Layiping 腊乙坪: ȵtɕʰi⁴⁴
- East Xiangxi (Suang) - Xiaozhang 小章: tsʰi⁵⁵
- East Hmongic
- North Qiandong - Yanghao 养蒿: ɕʰaŋ³⁵
- East Qiandong - Caidiwan 菜地湾: ɕan³³
- South Qiandong - Yaogao 尧告: sam⁵³
- West Qiandong (Raojia) - Heba 河坝: ɕʰẽ¹³
- Sheic
- Younuo 优诺: tsʰun³³
- Jiongnai - Longhua 龙华: θi⁵³
- Bana 巴那: biŋ⁴⁴
- She - Xiashuicun 下水村: si⁵⁵
- West Hmongic
- Bunu
- Dongnu - Qibainong 七百弄: ntsʰəŋ⁵³
- Nunu - Xishan 西山: səŋ³⁵
- Numao - Yaolu 瑶麓: ntsʰan¹³
- Core
- East Luobuohe (Xijia) - Shibanqiao 石板寨: tə⁰²ntsʰen⁴⁴
- West Luobuohe - Gaozhai 高寨: tə⁰²ntsʰen⁴⁴
- Huishui - Gaopo 高坡: nsʰõ¹³
- Mashan - Zongdi 宗地: ntsua²³²
- A-Hmao - Shimenpo 石门坡: ɳtʂʰaɯ⁵⁵
- Chuanqiandian - Dananshan 大南山: ntʂʰaŋ⁵⁵
- Mienic
- Mien
- Guangdian (Jiangdi): dzjaːm⁵²
- Xiangnan (Miaoziyuan): dzjaŋ⁵³
- Kim Mun
- Diangui (Liangzi): saːm⁴³
- Fanghai (Tansan): ɕaːm⁴²
- Biao Mon
- Changping: dzjam⁵³
- Luoxiang: ɕam⁵³
- Biao Min
- Dongshan: san³⁵
- Shikou: tɕʰan³⁵
- Niuweizhai: tɕʰan³⁵
- Dzao Min (Daping): a⁴⁴dzjɛm²⁴
References
- ^ Ostapirat, Weera (2018) “Macrophyletic Trees of East Asian Languages Re examined”, in Kikusawa, Ritsuko, Reid, Lawrence A., editors, Let's Talk about Trees (Senri Ethnological Studies), Osaka: Minpaku, →DOI
- Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN.
- Chen, Qiguang (陈其光) (2013) Miao Yao yuwen (苗瑶语文), Beijing: Minzu chubanshe (民族出版社), →ISBN
- Mao, Zongwu (毛宗武) (2004) Yaozu Mianyu fangyan yanjiu (瑤族勉语方言研究), Beijing: Minzu chubanshe (民族出版社)