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 This Proto-Hmong-Mien entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Hmong-Mien

Etymology

Compare Austroasiatic: Proto-Austroasiatic *ɕaːm.

Noun

*ntshjamˣ

  1. blood

Descendants

  • Hmongic
    • Pa Hng
      • Pa Hng - Gundong 滚董: ȵ̥ei³¹
      • Hm Nai - Mao'ao 毛坳: ȵtɕʰe³¹³
    • North Hmongic
      • West Xiangxi (Xong) - Layiping 腊乙坪: ȵtɕʰi⁴⁴
      • East Xiangxi (Suang) - Xiaozhang 小章: tsʰi⁵⁵
    • East Hmongic
      • North Qiandong - Yanghao 养蒿: ɕʰaŋ³⁵
      • East Qiandong - Caidiwan 菜地湾: ɕan³³
      • South Qiandong - Yaogao 尧告: sam⁵³
      • West Qiandong (Raojia) - Heba 河坝: ɕʰẽ¹³
    • Sheic
      • Younuo 优诺: tsʰun³³
      • Jiongnai - Longhua 龙华: θi⁵³
      • Bana 巴那: biŋ⁴⁴
      • She - Xiashuicun 下水村: si⁵⁵
    • West Hmongic
      • Bunu
        • Dongnu - Qibainong 七百弄: ntsʰəŋ⁵³
        • Nunu - Xishan 西山: səŋ³⁵
        • Numao - Yaolu 瑶麓: ntsʰan¹³
      • Core
        • East Luobuohe (Xijia) - Shibanqiao 石板寨: tə⁰²ntsʰen⁴⁴
        • West Luobuohe - Gaozhai 高寨: tə⁰²ntsʰen⁴⁴
        • Huishui - Gaopo 高坡: nsʰõ¹³
        • Mashan - Zongdi 宗地: ntsua²³²
        • A-Hmao - Shimenpo 石门坡: ɳtʂʰaɯ⁵⁵
        • Chuanqiandian - Dananshan 大南山: ntʂʰaŋ⁵⁵
  • Mienic
    • Mien
      • Guangdian (Jiangdi): dzjaːm⁵²
      • Xiangnan (Miaoziyuan): dzjaŋ⁵³
    • Kim Mun
      • Diangui (Liangzi): saːm⁴³
      • Fanghai (Tansan): ɕaːm⁴²
    • Biao Mon
      • Changping: dzjam⁵³
      • Luoxiang: ɕam⁵³
    • Biao Min
      • Dongshan: san³⁵
      • Shikou: tɕʰan³⁵
      • Niuweizhai: tɕʰan³⁵
    • Dzao Min (Daping): a⁴⁴dzjɛm²⁴

References

  1. ^ Ostapirat, Weera (2018) “Macrophyletic Trees of East Asian Languages Re examined”, in Kikusawa, Ritsuko, Reid, Lawrence A., editors, Let's Talk about Trees (Senri Ethnological Studies), Osaka: Minpaku, →DOI
  • Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN.
  • Chen, Qiguang (陈其光) (2013) Miao Yao yuwen (苗瑶语文), Beijing: Minzu chubanshe (民族出版社), →ISBN
  • Mao, Zongwu (毛宗武) (2004) Yaozu Mianyu fangyan yanjiu (瑤族勉语方言研究), Beijing: Minzu chubanshe (民族出版社)
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