Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰḗr

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *ǵʰer- (“to be excited, bristly”) +‎ *-s (root nominal suffix).

Noun

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*ǵʰḗr m

hedgehog

Inflection

This inflection is speculative. The amphikinetic pattern is reconstructed from the oxytonic oblique forms of Ancient Greek χήρ (khḗr) (gen.sg. χηρός (khērós)).

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*ǵʰḗr
genitive	*ǵʰrés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵʰḗr	*ǵʰérh₁(e)	*ǵʰéres
vocative	*ǵʰér	*ǵʰérh₁(e)	*ǵʰéres
accusative	*ǵʰérm̥	*ǵʰérh₁(e)	*ǵʰérm̥s
genitive	*ǵʰrés	*?	*ǵʰróHom
ablative	*ǵʰrés	*?	*ǵʰr̥mós
dative	*ǵʰréy	*?	*ǵʰr̥mós
locative	ǵʰér, ǵʰéri	*?	*ǵʰr̥sú
instrumental	*ǵʰréh₁	*?	*ǵʰr̥mís

Synonyms

*h₁eǵʰis

Descendants

Proto-Hellenic: *kʰḗr
- Ancient Greek: χήρ (khḗr)
Proto-Italic: *hēr
- Latin: ēr

Related terms

*ǵʰóryos (“pig”)
- Proto-Albanian: *darja
  - Albanian: derr
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰóřřos
  - Ancient Greek: χοῖρος (khoîros)
- →? Proto-Georgian-Zan: *ɣor-

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g̑hers-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 445-446
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*ǵʰḗr”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 264
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ēr”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χήρ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1630
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χοῖρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1640-1641
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “derr”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 61
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “derr”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: ] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 131

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g̑hers-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 445-446

[2] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*ǵʰḗr”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 264

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ēr”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193

[4] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χήρ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1630

[5] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χοῖρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1640-1641

[6] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “derr”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 61

[7] Demiraj, B. (1997) “derr”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: ] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎ (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 131

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵʰḗr

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