Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰeldʰ-

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• *ǵʰeldʰ-

*gʰeldʰ-^[1]

1. to repay, pay

According to the LIV, this root is questionable.^[1]

Traditionally considered separate extensions (or suffixed forms) of a root *gʰel-, namely *gʰel-t- in Germanic and *gʰel-d⁽ʰ⁾- in Slavic, not taking into account the Celtic.^[2][3] Some authors maintain that *-t- (> Germanic *-þ-) is necessary to explain such Nordic forms as Old Swedish gjalla (“to repay”).^[4]

• *gʰeldʰ-(e-)ti (root present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • >? Proto-Slavic: *želsti (unless borrowed from Germanic^[4]) (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *geldaną (“pay, have value”) (see there for further descendants)
• *gʰeldʰ-o-m (possibly from an earlier root noun *gʰéld in view of e-grade, if not deverbal in Proto-Celtic)
  • Proto-Celtic: *geldom^[5]
    • Old Irish: gell (“pledge, promise”)
      • Middle Irish: gell
        • Irish: geall
        • Scottish Gaelic: geall
      • ⇒ Middle Irish: gillán