Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷel-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*kʷel-

1. to turn (end-over-end)
2. to revolve around, and therefore to sojourn, to dwell

Reconstruction notes

The root is sometimes reconstructed with -h₁- in order to explain some forms in Greek, including:

• Proto-Greek *kʷélh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present) > Ancient Greek τελέθω (teléthō)

This reconstruction, however, contradicts some forms in other languages, e.g.:

• Proto-Italic *kʷl̥-tó-s (past participle) > Latin cultus (not **clātus < **kʷl̥h₁-tós)

Alternative reconstructions

• *kʷelh₁-

Derived terms

• *kʷél-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Albanian: *tšela
    • Albanian: sjell
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélō
    • Ancient Greek: πέλω (pélō)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čálHati (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷelō
    • Latin: colō (see there for further descendants)
• *kʷél-ye-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷéľľō
    • Ancient Greek: τέλλω (téllō)
• *kʷl-ét ~ *kʷl-ónt (thematic root aorist)
  • Proto-Albanian: *kla ~ *klend
    • Albanian: qe
• *kʷél-u-s
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷélus
    • Latin: colus
• *kʷel-u-
  • Proto-Celtic: *kʷolu- (“wheel”)
    • Middle Irish: cul
• *kʷel-o-m
  • Old Prussian: kelan
• *kʷól-o-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷólos
    • Ancient Greek: πόλος (pólos)
      • Greek: πόλος (pólos)
      • → Latin: polus (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: kele (“navel, belly button”)
• *kʷl̥H-í-s
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷalis
    • Ancient Greek: πάλιν (pálin), πᾰ́λῐ (páli)
      • Greek: πάλι (páli)
      • → Coptic: ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ (palin)
• *kʷé-kʷl-o-s (reduplicated noun)
• *kʷél-os ~ *kʷél-es-os
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélos
    • Ancient Greek: τέλος (télos)
      • Greek: τέλος (télos)
      • → English: telos
      • → English: teleology
• *kʷel-es-ye-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷeléyyō
    • Ancient Greek: τελέω (teléō)

• *kʷól-os ~ *kʷól-es-os
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalas
    • Proto-Slavic: *kolo (see there for further descendants)
• *kʷol-so-
  • Proto-Germanic: *halsaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷolsom
    • Latin: collum (see there for further descendants)
• *kʷl̥-tó-s
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷoltos
    • Latin: cultus (see there for further descendants)
• *kʷel-éh₂
  • Proto-Italic: *-kʷelā
    • Latin: -cola
• *kʷel-h₃onh₂-os
  • Proto-Italic: *kʷelōnos
    • Latin: colōnus (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: τῆλε (têle)
    • Ancient Greek: πάλαι (pálai)
    • Ancient Greek: -κόλος (-kólos), -πόλος (-pólos)
  • Indo-Iranian:
    • Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: चल (cala)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *käl-
    • Tocharian A: käl-
    • Tocharian B: käl-
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: klutk-
    • (possibly) → Proto-Uralic: *kulke- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kela-
    • Proto-Slavic: *čeľadь (“household, servants”) (see there for further descendants)
    • (possibly) Proto-Slavic: *čelověkъ (“human”) (see there for further descendants)

References