Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/melh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*melh₂- (imperfective)^[1][2]

1. to grind, to crush

• *melh₂-dʰh₁- (“to beat, pound, grind”)
  • ⇒? *méldʰeti
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *márdʰati
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márdʰati
        • Sanskrit: मर्धति (mardhati, “to abandon, neglect”)
  • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldǭ (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒? Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: μαλθακός (malthakós)
  • ⇒ *meldʰ-n- (“lightning”)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mildnis
      • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mъldni (“lightning”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: milna (“hammer of the thunderer”)
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Old Prussian: mealde (“lightning”)
    • ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldunjaz
      • Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛖᛚᛞᚢᚾᛃᚨᛉ (*meldunjaʀ)
        • Old Norse: Mjǫllnir (see there for further descendants)
• *melh₂-k-
  • *ml̥h₂-k-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *mlāks
      • Ancient Greek: βλάξ (bláx)
  • *ml̥h₂-k-os
    • Proto-Hellenic: *məlakos
      • Ancient Greek: μαλακός (malakós)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • >? Proto-Celtic:
      • Old Irish: malcad (“rottenness, putrefaction”)
• *melh₂-n-os
  • Proto-Albanian: *melana
    • ⇒ Albanian: mëllë, mullâ
  • *mélh₂-n-ye-ti
    • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: μελαίνω (melaínō)
  • >? *mélh₂-n-s
    • Proto-Hellenic: *mélās
      • Ancient Greek: μέλᾱς (mélās) (see there for further descendants)

• *mélh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *meleti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei
    • Latgalian: maļt
    • Latvian: mal̃t
    • Lithuanian: málti
    • Proto-Slavic: *mèlti (see there for further descendants)
• *mélh₂-ti (athematic root present)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei
    • Proto-Slavic: *melti (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *melō (see there for further descendants)
• *ml̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *ml̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)
  • Armenian:
    • >? Old Armenian: մաղեմ (małem)
      • Armenian: մաղել (maġel)
      ^[3]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥náHti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥náHti
      • Sanskrit: मृणाति (mṛṇā́ti)
• *molh₂-e-ti (o-grade root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *malaną (see there for further descendants)
• *mélh₂-os
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málas
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *málas
      • Sanskrit: मल (mála)
• *melh₂-tlo- (perhaps)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: marculus, martulus (see there for further descendants)
• *melh₂-wo-m
  • Proto-Albanian: *melwa
    • Albanian: miell
  • Proto-Germanic: *melwą (see there for further descendants)
• *ml̥h₂-téh₂
  • Proto-Germanic: *muldō (see there for further descendants)
• *molh₂-éh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *mólā
    • Ancient Greek: μύλη (múlē)
  • Proto-Italic: *molā
    • Latin: mola (see there for further descendants)
• *molh₂-ós (agent noun)
  • Proto-Celtic: *molos
    • Old Irish: mol (“axle for a mill-wheel”)
      • Irish: mol (“hub, shaft”)
      • Scottish Gaelic: mul (“axis, axle-tree”)
• *molh₂-mo-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *malmaz (see there for further descendants)
• *melh₂-no-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: malleus (see there for further descendants)
• *mélh₂-om
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málam
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *málam
      • Sanskrit: मलम् (málam)
• *molh₂-to-s
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *moltъ (see there for further descendants)
• *ml̥h₂- (zero-grade)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀ-kis
    • Latvian: muļķis
    • Lithuanian: mùlkis

• Unsorted formations:
  • Albanian:
    • Proto-Albanian: *melana
      • Albanian: mëllë, Albanian: mullâ
  • Anatolian:^[2]
    • Hittite: (malla-ⁱ)
    • Luwian: (mal(ḫ)u-)
  • Armenian:^[3]
    • Old Armenian: մալեմ (malem), *մուլ- (*mul-), մամուլ (mamul), մղեղ (młeł)
    • Armenian: մլակ (mlak), մլուկ (mluk), մլիկ (mlik), մղմող (mġmoġ), մղմեղ (mġmeġ), մուղ (muġ)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *mělъ (“finely ground substance, chalk”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Slavic: *malina (“raspberry”) (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: málnos (“millet”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *mildijaz (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: μελίνη (melínē, “millet”)
  • >? Proto-Italic: *meljom
    • Latin: milium (“millet”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: mӓl-