Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/úštrah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *úštras.

Noun

*úštrah m^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

camel

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*úštrah	*úštrā	*úštrā
vocative	*úštra	*úštrā	*úštrā
accusative	*úštram	*úštrā	*úštrānh
instrumental	*úštrā	*úštraybyaH	*úštrāyš
ablative	*úštrāt	*úštraybyaH	*úštraybyah
dative	*úštrāy	*úštraybyaH	*úštraybyah
genitive	*úštrahya	*úštrayāh	*úštrānam
locative	*úštray	*úštrayaw	*úštrayšu

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 (uštra)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Saka: *užli^[2]
  - Khotanese: (ulä), (ūlä)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Proto-Sogdic: *uxštri^[3]^[5]
    - Sogdian: (/⁠ᵊxʷəštrí⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫇𐫢𐫤𐫡𐫏 (xwštry)
      
      Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼶𐼴𐽁𐽂𐽀𐼷 (ʾxwštry)
      
      Old Sogdian script: 𐼀𐼄𐼇𐼙𐼚𐼘𐼊 (ʾɣwštry)
      
      Syriac script: ݎܘܫܬܪ (xwštr)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: اوښ (ux̌)
- Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
  - Ishkashimi: (štur)
  - Sanglechi: (ᵊštər)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji: *uštur
  - Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
    - Munji: (škura), (škyuro)
    - Yidgha: (ⁱškirṓ), (šikəro), (ᵘšikəro)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *ux̌tur
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani: *ux̌tur
      - Sarikoli: x̌ыtůr, x̌ыtыr, x̌ůtыr, x̌ůtůr
      - Shughni: х̌итур (x̌itur), ух̌тур (ux̌tur), (Khufi, Roshani) ух̌тур (ux̌tur), (Bartangi, Oroshori) ах̌тур (ax̌tur)
      - Zebaki: uštur
    - Yazghulami: ах̌тор (ax̌tor)
    - → Wakhi: aṣ̌tыr, wəṣ̌tыr, ṣ̌tыr, əṣ̌tыr
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: اشتر (uštar), ہشتر (huštur)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: hêştir, huştir
  
  Central Kurdish: حوشتر (ḧuştir), وشتر (wiştir)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
  - Proto-Komisenian:
    - Sangisari: اشتر (eshtor)
  - Mazanderani: شتر (šeter)
  - Old Median: *uštrah
    - Middle Median: *úštər
      - Kermanic:
        Abuzeydabadi, Abyanehi, Badrudi, Chimehi, Hanjani, Komjani, Qohrudi, Valujerdi, Yarandi, Ozvar: öštör
        Abuzeydabadi: ōštīr, šōtīr
        Tarehi: šütür, šütüre, üštür
      - Talysh: (šotur)
      - → Middle Persian:
        Book Pahlavi script: (GMRA), (ʾwštl /⁠uštar, uštur⁠/)
        Pazend script: 𐬊𐬱𐬙𐬭 (oštr /⁠oštar⁠/)
        Classical Persian:
        Persian: اشتر (oštor), شتر (šotor)
        Tajik: шутур (šutur)
        → Brahui: اُوچ (owch), اُچ (och)
        → Parachi: šutur
    - Semnani: (uṣ̌)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *uššah
  - ⇒ Old Persian: 𐎢𐏁𐎲𐎠𐎼𐎡 (u-š-b-a-r-i /⁠ušabārim⁠/, “camel rider”, acc.sg.)
  - ⇒ Old Persian: *Vāuššah (personal name)
    - → Elamite: 𒈠𒌋𒅖𒃻 (ma-u-iš-šá)
→ Akkadian: 𒀲𒀀𒀊𒁀 (/⁠udru⁠/, “camel with two humps”)
→ Urartian: 𒀲𒀀𒀊𒁀 (/⁠ulṭu⁠/, “Bactrian camel”)
- → Old Armenian: ուղտ (ułt)

References

^ Cheung, Johnny (2011) Selected Pashto Problems II. Historical Phonology 1: On Vocalism and Etyma (Iran and the Caucasus)‎, volume 15, numbers 1-2, Brill Academic Publishers, page 180
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Bailey, H. W. (1979) “ula-, ūla-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 40b
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 124
^ Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999) “aṣ̌tы́r”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, pages 87-88
^ Gharib, B. (1995) “Proto-Iranian/úštrah”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 30

[1] Cheung, Johnny (2011) Selected Pashto Problems II. Historical Phonology 1: On Vocalism and Etyma (Iran and the Caucasus)‎, volume 15, numbers 1-2, Brill Academic Publishers, page 180

[Bailey-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Bailey, H. W. (1979) “ula-, ūla-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 40b

[Novak-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 124

[4] Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999) “aṣ̌tы́r”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, pages 87-88

[5] Gharib, B. (1995) “Proto-Iranian/úštrah”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 30

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