Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dráwgah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰráwgʰas, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrówgʰos (“deception”).

Noun

*dráwgah n

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dráwgah	*dráwgā	*dráwgā
vocative	*dráwga	*dráwgā	*dráwgā
accusative	*dráwgam	*dráwgā	*dráwgānh
instrumental	*dráwgā	*dráwgaybyaH	*dráwgāyš
ablative	*dráwgāt	*dráwgaybyaH	*dráwgaybyah
dative	*dráwgāy	*dráwgaybyaH	*dráwgaybyah
genitive	*dráwgahya	*dráwgayāh	*dráwgānam
locative	*dráwgay	*dráwgayaw	*dráwgayšu

Derived terms

*dráwgah-māihkāh (“falsehood, lie”)
- Sogdian: (/⁠δrāγmā, žaγmā, žəγmā⁠/) ^[1]
  Sogdian script: (δrγmh), (δrγmʾ)
  
  Manichaean script: 𐫋𐫄𐫖𐫀 (jɣmʾ)
  
  Syriac script: ݍܮܡܐ (žγmʾ)
*dráwgah-māihikah (“false, lying”)
- Bactrian: δρωγομιγο (drōgomigo /⁠drōg^umīg⁠/) ^[2]
- Parthian: (/⁠drōγmīg⁠/) ^[3]
  Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫃𐫖𐫏𐫃 (drwgmyg)
*dráwgah-wánts (“follower of falsehood”)
- Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬆𐬔𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (drəguuaṇt, “follower of the Lie”) (Cf. Sanskrit द्रुह्वन् (druhvan))
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬧𐬙 (druuaṇt)
- Pashto: درغل (darγál, “false”) (> *dráwgwáⁿt > *drágwád > *darγáδ)
- Middle Persian: (/⁠druwand⁠/)
  Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫗𐫅 (drwnd)
  
  Book Pahlavi script: (dlwnd)
  
  Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭫𐭥𐭭𐭣𐭩 (dlwndy)
  
  Pazend script: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬎𐬀𐬥𐬛 (daruand), 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬬𐬀𐬥𐬛 (darvand)
  - Classical Persian: دروند (durwand) ^[4]
*dráwgah-ĵanah (“lier”)
- Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬘𐬌𐬥𐬀 (draojina)
- Parthian: (*drwgcn /⁠drō(γ)žan⁠/)
  - → Old Armenian: դրուժան (družan)
  - → Classical Persian: دروغزن (durōγzan)
- Old Persian: 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴 (d-r-u-j-n /⁠draujana⁠/)
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠drōzan⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫉𐫗 (drwzn)
    
    Book Pahlavi script: (dlwcn')
    
    Pazend script: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬲𐬀𐬥 (družan)
    - Classical Persian: دروزن (durōzan, “liar”)
      Judeo-Persian: דרוזנ (drwzn /⁠durōzan⁠/)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬔𐬀 (druga)
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (draoγa)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Khotanese: (drrūja, “falsehood”) ^[5]
- Sodgo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: λρωγο (lrōgo /⁠lrōg⁠/), δδρωγο (ddrōgo /⁠δrōg⁠/) ^[6]
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: دروگ (dirúg)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: derew
  
  Central Kurdish: درۆ (diro, dro)
  
  Southern Kurdish: دروو (dirû, drû)
  
  Laki: دروو (dirû, drû)
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
  - Caspian:
    - Gilaki: (duroɣ) (May be from Classic Persian)
    - Old Mazanderani: درو (durō ~ dirō)
      - Mazanderani: دورو (durō)
  - Old Median: *drauga
    - Talysh: (/⁠dorū⁠/)
      Arabic script: درو
      
      Latin script: doru
  - Parthian: (/⁠drōγ⁠/) ^[7]
    Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫃 (drwg)
    - → Classical Persian: دروغ (durōɣ)
      Dari: دروغ (durōɣ)
      
      Iranian Persian: دروغ (dorūɣ)
      
      Tajik: дурӯғ (durüġ)
      - → Mazanderani: درغ (dəroǧ)
      - → Pashto: دروغ (daróǧ, dëróǧ)
  - Zaza-Gorani:
    - Gurani: درۋێ (dirʋē)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎥 (d-r-u-g /⁠drauga⁠/)
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠drō(g)⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇 (drw)
    
    Book Pahlavi script: (KDBA), (dlwb')
    
    Pazend script: 𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬔 (darōg), 𐬛𐬭𐬋𐬔 (drōg)
    - Lurish:
      Northern Luri: درۊ (deru)
      
      Bakhtiari: درۊ (deru)
      
      Southern Luri: درۊ (deru)

References

^ Gharib, B. (1995) “δrγmh”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 207
^ Saloumeh Gholami (2009), "δρωγομιγο" in Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar, Göttingen.
^ Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “drwgmyg”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 170
^ , Dehkhoda Dictionary.
^ Bailey, H. W. (1979) “drrūja”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 188
^ Saloumeh Gholami (2009), "δρωγομιγο" in Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar, Göttingen.
^ Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “drwg”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 170

[1] Gharib, B. (1995) “δrγmh”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 207

[2] Saloumeh Gholami (2009), "δρωγομιγο" in Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar, Göttingen.

[3] Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “drwgmyg”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 170

[4] , Dehkhoda Dictionary.

[5] Bailey, H. W. (1979) “drrūja”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 188

[6] Saloumeh Gholami (2009), "δρωγομιγο" in Selected Features of Bactrian Grammar, Göttingen.

[7] Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004) “drwg”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 170

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Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/dráwgah

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