Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/jr̥Hanyam

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰr̥Hanyam.

Noun

*jr̥Hanyam

gold

Inflection

neuter a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*jŕ̥Hanyam	*jŕ̥Hanyay	*jŕ̥HanyaH
vocative	*jŕ̥Hanyam	*jŕ̥Hanyay	*jŕ̥HanyaH
accusative	*jŕ̥Hanyam	*jŕ̥Hanyay	*jŕ̥HanyaH
instrumental	*jŕ̥Hanyā	*jŕ̥HanyaybyaH	*jŕ̥Hanyāyš
ablative	*jŕ̥Hanyāt	*jŕ̥HanyaybyaH	*jŕ̥Hanyaybyah
dative	*jŕ̥Hanyāy	*jŕ̥HanyaybyaH	*jŕ̥Hanyaybyah
genitive	*jŕ̥Hanyahya	*jŕ̥Hanyayāh	*jŕ̥Hanyānam
locative	*jŕ̥Hanyay	*jŕ̥Hanyayaw	*jŕ̥Hanyayšu

Derived terms

*jr̥HanyagaunaH (“gold-colored, golden”)
- Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬹𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬥𐬀 (zaⁱri gaona, “golden; green”)
- Sogdian: (/⁠zarγōn; zarγōnē⁠/, “vegetable; green”) (> *zargaunīka)
  Sogdian script: (zrγwn, “plant, vegetable”)
  
  Manichaean script: (zrγwnyy, “green”)
  
  Syriac script: (zrγwnʾk, “green”)
  - → Pashto: زرغون (zërγun)
- Old Median: *zaraniyagaona
  - → Middle Persian: (/⁠zargōn⁠/, “golden”)
    Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫃𐫇𐫗 (zrgwn)
    
    Book Pahlavi script: (zlgwn')
    
    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭦𐭫𐭢𐭥𐭭 (zlgwn)
    - → Old Armenian: Զարգուն (Zargun)
    - Classical Persian: زرگون (zargōn, “golden; red lead, minium; zircon”)
      Dari: زرگون (zargōn)
      
      Iranian Persian: زرگون (zargūn)
      
      Tajik: заргун (zargun)
      - → Arabic: زَرْقُون (zarqūn) (see there for further descendants)
- Parthian: (/⁠zarγōnag⁠/, “golden; green”)
  Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫃𐫇𐫗𐫃 (zrgwng)
  - → Middle Persian: (/⁠zargōn⁠/, “green; fresh”)
    Book Pahlavi script: (zlgwn)
    - Classical Persian: زرگون (zargōn, “green”), زرغون (zarğôn), زریون (zaryôn)
      Dari: زرغون (zarγōn)
      
      Iranian Persian: زریون (zaryūn)
      - → Arabic: زريون (zaryūn)
*jr̥HanyakaH (“arsenic”)
- Old Median: *zaraniyakā (see there for further descendants)
  - → Middle Persian: (zlyk' /⁠zarrīg⁠/)
    - → Old Armenian: զառիկ (zaṙik)
*jr̥Hanyakarah (“goldsmith”)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: zêrringer
  
  Central Kurdish: زێڕنگەر (zêrringer)
- Parthian: 𐫉𐫡𐫗𐫃𐫡 (zrngr /⁠zarnigar, zarīngar⁠/)
  - → Middle Persian:
    Book Pahlavi script: (zlykl /⁠zarr(ī)kar⁠/)
    
    Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫏𐫃𐫡 (zrygr /⁠zarrīgar⁠/)
    - Classical Persian: زرگر (zarrgar)
      - → Pashto: زرګر (zargár)
- Old Persian: 𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹𐎣𐎼 (d-r-n-y-k-r /⁠daraniyakara⁠/)
- Sogdian: (zyrnkryy /⁠zeṙnkarē⁠/)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬦𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zarańiia)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Khotanese: (ysīrra)
- Digor Ossetian: сугъзӕрийнӕ (suǧzærijnæ)
- Iron Ossetian: сыгъзӕрин (syǧzærin), сызгъӕрин (syzǧærin)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: ζαρο (zaro /⁠zar⁠/)
  - Khwarezmian: (zrny /⁠zirnī⁠/)
  - Sogdic:
    - Sogdian: (zyrn /⁠zeṙn⁠/)
    - Yagnobi: зар (zar)
Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: زر (zër, “gold; metal”)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: زر (zar)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: zêrr
  
  Central Kurdish: زێڕ (zêrr)
- Old Median: *zaranyam
  - Middle Median: *zarr
    - Kermanic:
      Qohrudi: (zar) (likely reborrowed from Persian زر (zar))
  - → Elamite:
    Achaemenid Elamite: 𒐼𒅕𒈾𒈪𒄿𒀀 (šá-ir-na-mi-ia /⁠šairnamiya⁠/), 𒍝𒅕𒈾𒈪𒄿𒀀 (za-ir-na-mi-ia /⁠zairnamiya⁠/)
- Parthian:
  Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫗 (zrn /⁠zarn⁠/)
  - → Old Armenian: *զառնա- (*zaṙna-)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: զառնաւուխտ (zaṙnawuxt)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: Զարուհի (Zaruhi)
  - → Middle Persian: (/⁠zarr⁠/)
    Book Pahlavi script: (ZHBA)
    
    Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡 (zr /⁠zarr⁠/)
    - Classical Persian: زر (zarr)
      - Iranian Persian: زر (zar)
- Zaza-Gorani
  - Gurani: زەڕ (zař)
  - Zazaki: zern (zařn)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎭𐎼𐎴𐎹 (d-r-n-y /⁠daraniya⁠/)
  - → Aramaic: דריכונא (drykwnʾ)
  - → Ancient Greek: Δαρεικός (Dareikós, “Persian daric”)
    - → English: daric
  - → Biblical Hebrew: אֲדַרְכּוֹן (adarkon)
  - → Parthian: 𐫅𐫀𐫡𐫏𐫃 (dʾryg /⁠dārīg⁠/, “gold coin, Dareikos”)
  - → Sogdian: ܠܐܪܝܟ (δʾryk /⁠δārīk⁠/)
  - → Classical Syriac: ܕܪܝܟܘܢܐ (drykwnʾ)
→ Proto-Permic: *zarńi (see there for further descendants)

References

Novák, Ľubomír (2013) Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎, Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 204

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/jr̥Hanyam

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