Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-tōr

This Proto-Italic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Italic

Alternative forms

*-sōr

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-tōr.

Suffix

*-tōr m (feminine *-trīks)^[1]

Forms agent nouns to verb stems.

Usage notes

There are two ways to form agent nouns in *-tōr in Italic:^[2]
- The inherited way, which Whatmough calls the "PIE rule", is to attach the suffix directly to the e-grade of the verb root. If the verb root ends in a dental stop, the suffix becomes *-sōr and absorbs that stop.
- An innovated way, which Whatmough calls the "Italic rule", is to suffix *-tōr to the same stem that *-tos would be suffixed to form the past passive participle. The "Italic rule" was how agent nouns were formed from first-conjugation denominal verbs.

Declension

^{The template Template:itc-decl-noun-cons-mf does not use the parameter(s): 2=-tōr
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}

consonant stemDeclension of *-tōr (consonant stem)
case	singular	plural
nominative	*-tōr	*-tores
vocative	*-tōr	*-tores
accusative	*-torem	*-torens
genitive	*-tores, -toros	*-torom
dative	*-torei	*-torβos
ablative	*-tori? -tore?	*-torβos
locative	*-tori? -tore?	*-torβos

Derived terms

Proto-Italic terms suffixed with *-tōr

Descendants

Latin: -tor, -sor (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: -𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌄𐌝 (-tureí, dat. sg.) (in 𐌓𐌄𐌂𐌀𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌄𐌝 (regatureí)), -σορει (-sorei, dat. sg.) (in ϝερσορει (wersorei))
Paelignian: -tur (in salavatur)
Umbrian: -𐌕𐌖𐌓 (-tur) (in e.g. 𐌖𐌇𐌕𐌖𐌓 (uhtur))

References

^ Fortson IV, Benjamin W. (2017–2018) “Chapter VIII: Italic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The dialectology of Italic, page 843
^ Watmough, Margaret M. T. (1995) “The Suffix -tor-: Agent-Noun Formation in Latin and the Other Italic Languages”, in Glotta‎, volume 73, number 1/4, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISSN, →JSTOR, pages 80–115

[1] Fortson IV, Benjamin W. (2017–2018) “Chapter VIII: Italic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The dialectology of Italic, page 843

[2] Watmough, Margaret M. T. (1995) “The Suffix -tor-: Agent-Noun Formation in Latin and the Other Italic Languages”, in Glotta‎, volume 73, number 1/4, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISSN, →JSTOR, pages 80–115

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