Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/kart-

This Proto-Kartvelian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*kart-

1. eastern Georgia, Georgians

• Proto-Georgian-Zan:
  • ⇒ Old Georgian: ქართლი (kartli, “Kartli”) (see there for further descendants)
• ⇒ Svan: ქა̈რთ (kärt, “Tbilisi, eastern Georgia”), მჷქა̈რთ (məkärt, “eastern Georgian (person)”), ლჷქა̈რთუ (ləkärtu, “eastern Georgian (of non-humans)”)

Unsorted borrowings

• →⇒? Laz: ოქართალუ (okartalu, “to be polite, act well ← *to be a townsman (to be civilized)?”)
• →⇒ Mingrelian: ქართი (karti, “Tbilisi”), ქართალი (kartali, “Tbilisian (person), townsman”) (see there for further descendants)

• ⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *kart(w)-el- (“Georgian (person)”)
  • ⇒ Old Georgian: ქართველი (kartveli, “Georgian”), საქართველო (sakartvelo, “Georgia”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Zan:
    • ⇒ Laz: ქორთუ (kortu, “Georgian”), ქორთო (korto), ქორთოლონა (kortolona, “Georgia”), (ო)ქორთურა ((o)kortura), ოქორთუე (okortue)
    • ⇒ Mingrelian: ქორთუ (kortu, “Georgian”), საქორთუო (sakortuo, “Georgia”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Georgian-Zan: *kart-ul- (“Georgian (of non-humans)”)
  • Old Georgian: ქართული (kartuli) (see there for further descendants)
  • Zan:
    • Laz: ქორთული (kortuli)
    • Mingrelian: ქორთული (kortuli)

• *egr-
• *s₁wan-

• Klimov, G. A. (1998) “*kart(w)-, *kartw-el-, *kart-ul”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 16), New York, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, page 213, considers Svan to be borrowed
• Fähnrich, Heinz, Sarǯvelaʒe, Zurab (2000) “*kart-”, in Kartvelur enata eṭimologiuri leksiḳoni [Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages] (in Georgian), 2nd edition, Tbilisi: University Press, pages 486–487, considers Svan to be inherited
• Fähnrich, Heinz (2007) “*kart-”, in Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary] (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.18) (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 459, considers Svan to be inherited
• Čuxua, Merab (2000–2003) “*kart-”, in Kartvelur ena-ḳilota šedarebiti leksiḳoni [The Kartvelian Comparative Dictionary] (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Universali, pages 249–250, considers Svan to be inherited; furthermore proposes a relation to the supposed Proto-Kartvelian *kart-a- (“to fence off”), whose descendants are in reality non-native migratory terms also found in Ossetian кӕрт (kært) as well as Uralic languages. See the Ossetian term for more.
• Čuxua, Merab (2009) “Damaṭebiti masalebi saertokartveluri puʒe-enis leksiḳuri pondisatvis [The Additional Materials for the Commonkartvelian Proto-language Lexical Fund]”, in Kartvelur enata sṭrukṭuris saḳitxebi (in Georgian), number 10, Tbilisi: Universali, page 234 of 227–250, considers Svan to be inherited
• Kiria, Č̣abuḳi, Ezugbaia, Lali, Memišiši, Omar, Čuxua, Merab (2015) Lazur-megruli gramaṭiḳa [Laz–Mingrelian Grammar] (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Gamomcemloba Meridiani, page 847