Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/otxo-

This Proto-Kartvelian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

According to Klimov, borrowed from Proto-Indo-European *(H)oḱto- (“four fingers”) of which *oḱtṓw (“eight”) was the dual form.

*otxo-

1. four

• Proto-Georgian-Zan:
  • Old Georgian: ოთხი (otxi)
    • Georgian: ოთხი (otxi)
  • Zan
    • Laz: ოთხო (otxo)
    • Mingrelian: ოთხი (otxi)
• Svan: უ̂ოშთხუ̂ (ûoštxû), ო̄შთხუ̂ (ōštxû), ოშთხუ̂ (oštxû), უ̂ო̄შთხუ̂ (ûōštxû)

• Климов, Г. А. (1977) “Картвельское *otxo- ‘четыре’ ~ индоевропейское *ok̂to- [Kartvelian *otxo- ‘four’ ~ Indo-European *ok̂to-]”, in Этимология‎ (in Russian), number 1975, Moscow, pages 162–163
• Klimov, G. A. (1994) Древнейшие индоевропеизмы картвельских языков [The Oldest Indo-Europeanisms in Kartvelian Languages] (in Russian), Moscow: Nasledie, →ISBN, pages 59–63
• Klimov, G. A. (1994) “L'analogie kartvélienne de l'IE *ok̂tō(u̯)=”, in Roland Bielmeier, Reinhard Stempel, editors, Indogermanica et Caucasica: Festschrift für Karl Horst Schmidt zum 65. Geburtstag (in French), Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, pages 472–478
• Klimov, G. A. (1998) Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 16), New York, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, page 145
• Fähnrich, Heinz (1994) Grammatik der altgeorgischen Sprache (in German), Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag, page 251
• Fähnrich, Heinz, Sarǯvelaʒe, Zurab (2000) Kartvelur enata eṭimologiuri leksiḳoni [Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages] (in Georgian), 2nd edition, Tbilisi: University Press, pages 365–367
• Fähnrich, Heinz (2007) Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary] (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.18) (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 325–326
• Blažek, Václav (1999) Numerals: comparative-etymological analyses of numeral systems and their implications (Opera Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis, Facultas philosophica; 322)‎, Brno: Masarykova Univerzita, pages 82–83
• Bjørn, Rasmus (2019) “Nouns and Foreign Numerals: Anatolian ‘Four’ and the Development of the PIE Decimal System”, in Matilde Serangeli and Thomas Olander, editors, Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 19), Leiden and Boston: Brill, →DOI, pages 62–64