Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔakal-
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This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Semitic
Verb
*ʔakal-
- to eat
Conjugation
Conjugation of Proto-Semitic/ʔakal- (paʕala)
| verbal noun | *ʔakl- | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle | *ʔākil- | ||||||||||||
| passive participle | *ʔakīl-, *ʔakūl- | ||||||||||||
| singular | dual | plural | |||||||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||||
| perfect | m | *ʔakalku | *ʔakalka | *ʔakala | *ʔakalkayā | *ʔakalkā | *ʔakalā | *ʔakalna | *ʔakalkanu | *ʔakalū | |||
| f | *ʔakalki | *ʔakalat | *ʔakalatā | *ʔakalkina | *ʔakalā | ||||||||
| imperfect | m | *ʔākul | *taʔkul | *yiʔkul | *taʔkulā | *yaʔkulā | *niʔkul | *taʔkulū | *yiʔkulū | ||||
| f | *taʔkulī | *taʔkul | *taʔkulā | *taʔkulā | *yiʔkulā | ||||||||
| imperative | m | *ʔakul | *ʔakulā | *ʔakulū | |||||||||
| f | *ʔakulī | *ʔakulā | |||||||||||
Descendants
- East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒅥 (akālum)
- West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
- Arabic: أَكَلَ (ʔakala)
- Northwest Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
Noun
*ʔakal- m
Declension
Declension of *ʔakal-
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *ʔakalum | *ʔakalāna | plural stem + *-ūna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | *ʔakalim | *ʔakalayna | plural stem + *-īna | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | *ʔakalam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| possessive forms | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st person | *ʔakalī / *ʔakalVya | — | *ʔakalVni | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person m | *ʔakalVka | *ʔakalVkumā / *ʔakalVkumay | *ʔakalVkum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd person f | *ʔakalVki | *ʔakalVkin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person m | *ʔakalVšu | *ʔakalVšumā / *ʔakalVšumay | *ʔakalVšum(ū) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd person f | *ʔakalVša | *ʔakalVšin(ā) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.
Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔakaluya for nom. case, *ʔakaliya for gen. case, *ʔakalaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔakal-
Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔakal-
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Descendants
- East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒃻 (akalum)
- West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
- Ethiopian Semitic: