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This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*yad- f

  1. hand

Inflection

Declension of *yad-
case singular dual plural
nominative *yadum *yadāna plural stem + *-ūna
accusative *yadam *yadayna plural stem + *-īna
genitive *yadim
possessive forms
1st person *yadī / *yadVya *yadVni
2nd person m *yadVka *yadVkumā / *yadVkumay *yadVkum(ū)
2nd person f *yadVki *yadVkin(ā)
3rd person m *yadVšu *yadVšumā / *yadVšumay *yadVšum(ū)
3rd person f *yadVša *yadVšin(ā)

the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *yaduya for nom. case, *yadiya for gen. case, *yadaya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of *yad-
case singular dual plural
nominative *yadum *yadāna *yadātum
accusative *yadam *yadayna *yadātim
genitive *yadim
possessive forms
1st person *yadī / *yadVya *yadVni
2nd person m *yadVka *yadVkumā / *yadVkumay *yadVkum(ū)
2nd person f *yadVki *yadVkin(ā)
3rd person m *yadVšu *yadVšumā / *yadVšumay *yadVšum(ū)
3rd person f *yadVša *yadVšin(ā)

the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *yaduya for nom. case, *yadiya for gen. case, *yadaya for acc. case, etc.

Reconstruction notes

The stem *ʔid- appears in multiple branches, raising the question of whether the usual reconstruction is maximally parsimonious.

Descendants

  • East Semitic:
    • Akkadian: 𒀉 (idum, arm)
  • West Semitic:

References

  • Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
  • Huehnergard, John (2019) “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN