Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gotovъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Of unclear origin.
It was suggested (e.g. Kroonen) that the word is borrowed from a reflect of unattested adjective Proto-Germanic *gatawaz, deverbal adjective from the root of *tawjaną (“to make, complete”), probably from Gothic, cf. 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gataujan, “to do, make, effect”). This view is usually rejected, Pronk-Tiethoff considers a loan possible, but admits that native origin cannot be excluded.
Native origin is prevailing, however, few propositions exist:
- back-formation from *gotoviti (“to prepare”), unlikely
- per Kiparsky, from *gotъ (> Upper Sorbian hot (“preparation”) and derivative Lower Sorbian gotnica (“factory”)) *-ovъ, with *gotъ being cognate of Albanian gat. However, Sorbian words are suspected of being back-formations.
- some relation with Ancient Greek νη-γάτεος (nē-gáteos, “new-made”), Sanskrit घटते (ghaṭate, “to strive”)
- from Proto-Indo-European *gʷātu-, supine of *gʷā- (“to go”), for meaning shift cf. Old High German fartig (“ready”) from fart (“ride, trip”). See also *gatь (“path (through swamp)”). That makes anlaut -o- problematic.
*gotovъ is often compared to Albanian gat, gati (“ready”), but currently these are usually believed to be early loans from Slavic. Some suggested that Lithuanian gãtavas, Latvian gatavs (“ready”) and Old Prussian pogattawint (“to prepare”) are cognates to Slavic which point to Proto-Balto-Slavic *gatawas, however, it is usually believed Baltic words are borrowed from Slavic (e.g. on the basis of the accent, Smoczyński considers the Lithuanian word to be a loan from Old Polish).
Adjective
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *gotovъ (hard, accent paradigm a)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *gotovъ | *gotova | *gotovo |
| genitive | *gotova | *gotovy | *gotova |
| dative | *gotovu | *gotově | *gotovu |
| accusative | *gotovъ | *gotovǫ | *gotovo |
| instrumental | *gotovomь | *gotovojǫ | *gotovomь |
| locative | *gotově | *gotově | *gotově |
| vocative | *gotove | *gotovo | *gotovo |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gotova | *gotově | *gotově |
| genitive | *gotovu | *gotovu | *gotovu |
| dative | *gotovoma | *gotovama | *gotovoma |
| accusative | *gotova | *gotově | *gotově |
| instrumental | *gotovoma | *gotovama | *gotovoma |
| locative | *gotovu | *gotovu | *gotovu |
| vocative | *gotova | *gotově | *gotově |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gotovi | *gotovy | *gotova |
| genitive | *gotovъ | *gotovъ | *gotovъ |
| dative | *gotovomъ | *gotovamъ | *gotovomъ |
| accusative | *gotovy | *gotovy | *gotova |
| instrumental | *gotovy | *gotovami | *gotovy |
| locative | *gotověxъ | *gotovaxъ | *gotověxъ |
| vocative | *gotovi | *gotovy | *gotova |
Definite declension of *gotovъ (hard, accent paradigm a)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *gotovъjь | *gotovaja | *gotovoje |
| genitive | *gotovajego | *gotovyję̇ | *gotovajego |
| dative | *gotovujemu | *gotověji | *gotovujemu |
| accusative | *gotovъjь | *gotovǫjǫ | *gotovoje |
| instrumental | *gotovyjimь | *gotovǫjǫ | *gotovyjimь |
| locative | *gotovějemь | *gotověji | *gotovějemь |
| vocative | *gotovъjь | *gotovaja | *gotovoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gotovaja | *gotověji | *gotověji |
| genitive | *gotovuju | *gotovuju | *gotovuju |
| dative | *gotovyjima | *gotovyjima | *gotovyjima |
| accusative | *gotovaja | *gotověji | *gotověji |
| instrumental | *gotovyjima | *gotovyjima | *gotovyjima |
| locative | *gotovuju | *gotovuju | *gotovuju |
| vocative | *gotovaja | *gotověji | *gotověji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *gotoviji | *gotovyję̇ | *gotovaja |
| genitive | *gotovъjixъ | *gotovъjixъ | *gotovъjixъ |
| dative | *gotovyjimъ | *gotovyjimъ | *gotovyjimъ |
| accusative | *gotovyję̇ | *gotovyję̇ | *gotovaja |
| instrumental | *gotovyjimi | *gotovyjimi | *gotovyjimi |
| locative | *gotovyjixъ | *gotovyjixъ | *gotovyjixъ |
| vocative | *gotoviji | *gotovyję̇ | *gotovaja |
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
- Non-Slavic:
References
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “gotovъ gotova gotovo”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a parat (PR 133)”
- ^ Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia E. (2013) The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic, Amsterdam - New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 173: “PSl. *gotovъ ‘ready, prepared’ [AP A]”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “gotȍv”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *gotovъ̏”
- ^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “gotovъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 70
- ^ Sławski, Franciszek, editor (2001), “gotovъ”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 8 (goda – gyža), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 151
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “гото́вый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1982–2012), “готовий”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka
- Machek, Václav (1968) “hotový”, in Etymologický slovník jazyka českého [Etymological Dictionary of the Czech Language], 2nd edition, Prague: Academia, page 178
- Rejzek, Jiří (2001) “hotový”, in Český etymologický slovník [Czech Etymological Dictionary] (in Czech), 1st edition, Voznice: LEDA, →ISBN, page 215
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “готов”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 268
- Guus Kroonen (2013) “*taujan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 511
- Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007) “gãtavas”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, page 302