Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/alma
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This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Turkic
Etymology
Several possibilities:
- From Sanskrit अम्ल (amla, “sour”), but its plant name usage is for wood-sorrel.
- From Sanskrit अमल (amala, “immaculate, white, shining; emblic, amla”), आमलक (āmalaka), आमलकी (āmalakī, “emblic”), widely passed into Iranian and via Arabic أَمْلَج (ʔamlaj) into European.
- From Sanskrit आम्र (āmra, “mango”), also widely passed, but reflects instead with -mb-, exemplarily Arabic أَنْبَج (ʔanbaj).
- Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, the same root whence also English apple, with the immediate source perhaps being Tocharian [1].
- From *āl + Latin malum.[2]
- From *a(ː)lima, from *almïla, as attested in Karakhanid, in turn possibly cognate with Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon, “apple”).
Noun
*alma
Declension
| singular | plural 2) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | *alma | *almalar |
| accusative | ||
| genitive | *almanïŋ | *almalarnïŋ |
| dative | *almaka | *almalarka |
| locative | *almada | *almalarda |
| ablative | *almadan | *almalardan |
| instrumental 1) | *almalarïn | |
| equative 1) | *almača | *almalarča |
1) The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Common Turkic languages.
2) This plural suffix is used only on Common Turkic, and not in Oghur. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.
2) This plural suffix is used only on Common Turkic, and not in Oghur. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.
Descendants
- →⇒ Sogdian: 𐼰𐼹𐼺𐼹𐼴𐼸𐼿 (ʾδmδwkc)
- Common Turkic:
- Proto-Oghuz: *alma
- Karluk:
- Kipchak:
- Cuman-Kipchak:
- Mamluk-Kipchak: الما (alma)
- North Kipchak:
- West Kipchak:
- South Kipchak:
- East Kipchak:
References
- Sevortjan, E. V. (1974) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, page 138
- Cheung, J., & Aydemir, H. (2015). Turco-Afghanica. On East Iranian *amarnā and Turkic alma, alïmla, almïla‚ ‘apple‘. in Na pastbišče mysli blagoj, 73-94.
- https://tdk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/20140619.pdf
- ^ Róna-Tas, András, Berta, Árpád, Károly, László (2011) West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian (Turcologica; 84), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, page 62
- ^ https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/?k=elma