Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/toprak
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This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Turkic
Etymology
Tekin (1969) derives it from Proto-Turkic *towra- + *-k, and relates it to *towuŕ, which he suggests a derivation to *tōz. Tekin also connects Karakhanid (tog, “dust”) and Kyrgyz (topon, “dust”). According to Tekin, morphologically *tow + -*-uŕ + -*-a- + *-k. However, Eren (1999) suggests Proto-Turkic *topur (“soil, earth”) + *-ak (diminutive suffix).
Nişanyan and Clauson derive this word from *topra-, which Nişanyan further suggests is a derivation from a hypothetical *tobuŕ or *tobur (see *topur), where he suggests Proto-Common Turkic *tōz (“dust”) comes from.
Ligeti suggests a genetic connection with Proto-Mongolic *toxurag through the hypothetical and now widely discredited Altaic language family. He also connects this word with Proto-Common Turkic *tōz Ramstedt and Nişanyan suggest that the Mongolian form is a borrowing from Turkic.
Doerfer suggests a derivation from *top with the suffix *-rak.
Linguists also compare with Karakhanid تُبُرْغانْ (topurğan). This would imply a derivation from the verb *topur-.
Noun
*toprak
Declension
| singular 3) | |
|---|---|
| nominative | *toprak |
| accusative | *toprakïg, *topraknï1) |
| genitive | *topraknïŋ |
| dative | *toprakka |
| locative | *toprakda |
| ablative | *toprakdan |
| allative | *toprakgaru |
| instrumental 2) | *toprakïn |
| equative 2) | *toprakča |
| similative 2) | *topraklayu |
| comitative 2) | *topraklïgu |
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.
Descendants
- Arghu:
- Khalaj: turpâq
- Oghuz:
- Karluk:
- Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
- West Kipchak:
- South Kipchak:
- Siberian:
References
- ^ Tekin, Talât (1969) “Zetacism and Sigmatism in Proto-Turkic”, in Acta Orientalia Acedamiae Scientiarum Hunagricae, Berkeley, pages 51-80
- ^ Eren, Hasan (1999) “toprak”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 412
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “toprak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- ^ Clauson, Gerard (1972) “topra:k”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 443
- ^ Ligeti, Lajos, (1976) A magyar nyelv török kapcsolatai és ami körülöttük von (in Hungarian), pages 75, 76
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ramstedt, G. J., Kalmückisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki 1935. Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae 3
- ^ Doerfer, Gerhard (1963–1975) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission) (in German), Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag
Further reading
- Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*topra-k”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
- Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 489