Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-

This Proto-Uralic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

The Finnic and Samoyedic reflexes point to *kale-, while the Samic and Mordvinic reflexes point to *kola-. According to Aikio (2016), the latter is a regular secondary development.

*kale-

1. to die

• *kalma

• Proto-Samoyedic: *kåə-
  • Enets: kaja
  • Nenets
    • Tundra Nenets: ха (χā)
  • Selkup:
    • Northern Selkup: ӄуӄа (quqa)
    • Southern Selkup:
      • Narym: ку́гу (kúgu)
      • Upper Ob: куугу (kuugu)
• Ugric:
  • Hungarian: hal
  • Khanty:
    • Eastern Khanty: колта (kolta)
  • Mansi
    • Northern Mansi: хо̄луӈкве (hōluňkve)
• Proto-Permic: *kulni (see there for further descendants)
• Mari
  • Eastern Mari: колаш (kolaš)
• Proto-Mordvinic: *kuləms (see there for further descendants)
• >? Proto-Samic: *koalōtēk (“to freeze”) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Finnic: *kooldak (see there for further descendants)

• Aikio, Ante. 2016. "The Finnic 'secondary e-stems' and Proto-Uralic vocalism". Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja 95, pp. 25–66.
• Rédei, Károly (1986–88) Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Uralic Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó
• Sammallahti, Pekka (1988) “Historical Phonology of the Uralic Languages”, in Denis, Sinor, editor, The Uralic Languages: Description, History and Foreign Influences, Leiden: E. J. Brill, →ISBN, pages 478-554

• Entry #339 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.