Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/þrukkijan
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This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-West Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *þrukkijaną.
Verb
*þrukkijan[1]
- to press
Reconstruction notes
This verb is sometimes reconstructed with a short stem, and the gemination is assumed to be the result of the West Germanic gemination (i.e. *þrukkjan). However, it is noted that in both Old English[2] and Old Saxon,[3] the verb has a heavy stem rather than a light one.
Inflection
| Class 1 weak | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | *þrukkijan | |
| 1st sg. past | *þrukkidā | |
| Infinitive | *þrukkijan | |
| Genitive infin. | *þrukkijannjas | |
| Dative infin. | *þrukkijannjē | |
| Instrum. infin. | *þrukkijannju | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *þrukkiju | *þrukkidā |
| 2nd singular | *þrukkisi | *þrukkidēs, *þrukkidōs |
| 3rd singular | *þrukkiþi | *þrukkidē, *þrukkidā |
| 1st plural | *þrukkijum | *þrukkidum |
| 2nd plural | *þrukkiþ | *þrukkidud |
| 3rd plural | *þrukkijanþ | *þrukkidun |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | *þrukkijē | *þrukkidī |
| 2nd singular | *þrukkijēs | *þrukkidī |
| 3rd singular | *þrukkijē | *þrukkidī |
| 1st plural | *þrukkijēm | *þrukkidīm |
| 2nd plural | *þrukkijēþ | *þrukkidīd |
| 3rd plural | *þrukkijēn | *þrukkidīn |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | *þrukki | |
| Plural | *þrukkiþ | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | *þrukkijandī | *þrukkid |
Descendants
- Old English: þryċċan
- Old Frisian: thretza, thrikka
- Old Saxon: thrukkian
- Old Dutch: *thrucken
- Old High German: drucchen, drukken, drucchan
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 209: “PWGmc *þrukkijan”
- ^ Campbell, Alistair (1959) Old English grammar, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 321: “Here ċċ is not due to West Gmc. gemination, and appears in all parts if a vowel follows, 3rd sg. pres. ind. þryċċeþ, pass. part. þryċċed.”
- ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1921) Altsächsisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, page 161: “Bei diesen bleibt im Präsensstamme der Endkonsonant unverändert [...] *thrukkian ‘drücken’ (Prt. thucdad = thructa? Wer. Gl.)”