Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/libbjan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *libjaną.

Verb

*libbjan^[1]

to live, be alive

Inflection

Class 3 weak j-present
Infinitive	*libbjan
1st sg. past	*libdā
Infinitive	*libbjan
Genitive infin.	*libbjannjas
Dative infin.	*libbjannjē
Instrum. infin.	*libbjannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*libbju	*libdā
2nd singular	*libēs	libdēs, libdōs
3rd singular	*libēþ	libdē, libdā
1st plural	*libbjum	*libdum
2nd plural	*libēþ	*libdud
3rd plural	*libbjanþ	*libdun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*libbjē	*libdī
2nd singular	*libbjēs	*libdī
3rd singular	*libbjē	*libdī
1st plural	*libbjēm	*libdīm
2nd plural	*libbjēþ	*libdīd
3rd plural	*libbjēn	*libdīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*libē
Plural	*libēþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*libbjandī	*libd

Descendants

Old English: libban, lifian — Anglian
- Middle English: lyven, leeve, lefe, leve, leven, libbe, libben, lifen, live, liven, lybbe, lyve, libbæn, libbenn, livie, livien, luvien
  - English: live
  - Scots: leeve
  - Yola: live
Old Frisian: leva
- Saterland Frisian: líeuwje
- West Frisian: libje
Old Saxon: libbian
- Middle Low German: leven
  - German Low German: lęven, lewen, lewe (in other dialects, including Low Prussian)
Old Dutch: libben
- Middle Dutch: leven
  - Dutch: leven, leeven (obsolete)
    - Afrikaans: leef, lewe
    - Berbice Creole Dutch: lefu
    - Jersey Dutch: lêve
    - Negerhollands: leev, lif, leven
  - Limburgish: laeve
- Middle Dutch: leven
  - Dutch: leven, leeven (obsolete)
    - Afrikaans: leef, lewe
    - Berbice Creole Dutch: lefu
    - Jersey Dutch: lêve
    - Negerhollands: leev, lif, leven
  - Limburgish: laeve
Old High German: lebēn
- Middle High German: lëben
  - Alemannic German: lëëbe
    - Alsatian: lawe
    - Swabian: läba
  - Bavarian:
    Cimbrian: lem
    Mòcheno: lem
  - German: leben
  - Luxembourgish: liewen
  - Vilamovian: łaowa
  - Yiddish: לעבן (lebn)

References

^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 321: “*[libʲbʲan]”

[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 321: “*[libʲbʲan]”

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