T'u-lu-fan

From the Wade–Giles romanization of the Mandarin 吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān) Wade-Giles romanization: Tʻu³-lu³-fan¹.^[1]

• enPR: to͞oʹlo͞oʹfänʹ

T'u-lu-fan

1. Alternative form of Tulufan
   • 1910, Emil Bretschneider, Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources‎, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., →OCLC, page 194:

     Subsequently the intercourse with T'u-lu-fan was not interrupted. This realm used to send as tribute to China highly-bred horses and gerfalcons, and products of the country. The Son of Heaven also sent his envoys to T'u-lu-fan.

   • 1966, Lo-shu Fu, A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-Western Relations (1644-1820)‎, University of Arizona Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 19:

     The tributary ambassadors of the T'u-hsieh-t'u (Khanate) of the Khalkhas, and the tributary ambassadors of T'u-lu-fan and Holland were feasted by the Board of Rites. (103,9a)

   • 1971, Mark Mancall, Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728‎, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 357:

     The country is very far from our capital, but we can reach their territory directly by the land route . . . Beyond T’u-lu-fan [Turfan] is Russia.

   • 1994, Stephen F. Teiser, The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism‎, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 55:

     The traditional conceit that places China in the middle of the world is aptly reflected in the diffusion of the ten kings westward and eastward. German expeditions to Central Asia in the first decade of the twentieth century unearthed literary and pictorial references to the ten kings dating from the eleventh century or later. The expeditions, led by Alfred Grünwedel and Albert von Le Coq, concentrated on the modern district of T’u-lu-fan (Turkish: Turfan), formerly Kao-ch’ang (Turkish: Qočo), located in what is now called the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, known to earlier European explorers as Chinese Turkestan.