User:BoxGirder/Phonology

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Akkadian

Consonants

Akkadian consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar uvular glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate 		voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡s ⟨s⟩ k ⟨k⟩ ʔ ⟨ʾ⟩
emphatic tʼ ⟨ṭ⟩ t͡sʼ ⟨ṣ⟩ kʼ ⟨q⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ d͡z ⟨z⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
fricative ʃ ⟨š⟩ x ⟨ḫ⟩
approximant w ⟨w⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩
trill ʀ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Akkadian short vowel phonemes
front back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
close-mid e ⟨e⟩
open a ⟨a⟩
Akkadian long vowel phonemes
front back
close iː ⟨ī⟩ uː ⟨ū⟩
close-mid eː ⟨ē⟩
open aː ⟨ā⟩

Aymara

Consonants

Aymara consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar uvular glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ɲ ⟨ñ⟩
plosive,
affricate 		tenuis p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ k ⟨k⟩ q ⟨q⟩
aspirated pʰ ⟨ph⟩ tʰ ⟨th⟩ t͡ʃʰ ⟨chh⟩ kʰ ⟨kh⟩ qʰ ⟨qh⟩
ejective pʼ ⟨p'⟩ tʼ ⟨t'⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ch'⟩ kʼ ⟨k'⟩ qʼ ⟨q'⟩
fricative s ⟨s⟩ χ ⟨x⟩ h ⟨j⟩
approximant central w ⟨w⟩ j ⟨y⟩
lateral l ⟨l⟩ ʎ ⟨ll⟩
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Aymara short vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
open ä ⟨a⟩
Aymara long vowel phonemes
front central back
close iː ⟨ï⟩ uː ⟨ü⟩
open äː ⟨ä⟩

Chinese

Consonants

Standard Chinese consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental alveolar retroflex velar
nasal m n ŋ
plosive,
affricate 		plain p t t͡s ʈ͡ʂ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ ʈ͡ʂʰ kʰ
fricative f s ʂ x
approximant l ɻ

Vowels

Standard Chinese vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded
close i y u
mid ə
open ä

Tones

Standard Chinese tone phonemes
level ˥
contour ˧˥ ˨˩˦ ˥˩

Egyptian

Consonants

Old Egyptian consonant phonemes
bilabial dental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate 		voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ṯ⟩ k ⟨k⟩
ejective tʼ ⟨d⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ḏ⟩ cʼ ⟨g⟩ kʼ ⟨q⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩
fricative ɸ ⟨f⟩ θ ⟨z⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ç ⟨ḫ⟩ x ⟨š⟩ ħ ⟨ḥ⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant l ⟨ꜣ⟩ j ⟨j⟩ w ⟨w⟩ ʕ ⟨ꜥ⟩
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩
Middle Egyptian consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate 		voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ṯ⟩ k ⟨k⟩
ejective tʼ ⟨d⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ḏ⟩ cʼ ⟨g⟩ kʼ ⟨q⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩
fricative ɸ ⟨f⟩ s ⟨z s⟩ ʃ ⟨š⟩ x ⟨ḫ ẖ⟩ ħ ⟨ḥ⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant l ⟨ꜣ⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩ ʕ ⟨ꜥ⟩
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩
Late Egyptian and Demotic consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate 		voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t ṱ⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ḏ ṯ⟩ c ⟨g k⟩ k ⟨q k⟩
ejective tʼ ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ḏ⟩ cʼ ⟨g⟩ kʼ ⟨q⟩
fricative ɸ ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨š⟩ ç ⟨ḫ h̭⟩ x ⟨ẖ⟩ ħ ⟨ḥ⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant β ⟨b⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩ ʕ ⟨ꜥ⟩
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩
Coptic consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨ⲙ⟩ n ⟨ⲛ⟩
plosive,
affricate 		voiceless p ⟨ⲡ ⲫ⟩ t ⟨ⲧ ⲑ⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ϫ ϭ⟩ c ⟨ϭ⟩ k ⟨ⲕ ⲭ⟩
ejective tʼ ⟨ⲧ⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ϫ⟩ kʼ ⟨ⲕ⟩
fricative ɸ ⟨ϥ⟩ s ⟨ⲥ⟩ ʃ ⟨ϣ⟩ x ⟨ϧ ⳉ⟩ h ⟨ϩ⟩
approximant β ⟨ⲃ⟩ l ⟨ⲗ⟩ j ⟨ⲉⲓ⟩ w ⟨ⲟⲩ⟩
tap ɾ ⟨ⲣ⟩
Late Coptic consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨ⲙ⟩ n ⟨ⲛ⟩
plosive,
affricate 		voiceless t ⟨ⲑ⟩ k ⟨ⲕ ⲭ⟩
voiced b ⟨ⲡ ⲫ⟩ d ⟨ⲧ⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨ϫ⟩
fricative f ⟨ϥ⟩ s ⟨ⲥ⟩ ʃ ⟨ϣ ϭ⟩ x ⟨ϧ⟩ h ⟨ϩ⟩
approximant l ⟨ⲗ⟩ j ⟨ⲓ⟩ w ⟨ⲃ ⲟⲩ⟩
trill r ⟨ⲣ⟩

Vowels

Old and Middle Egyptian vowel phonemes
front back
close i u
open a
Late Egyptian vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded
close i
close-mid e ø o
mid ə
open a
Demotic and Coptic vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨ⲉⲓ⟩ u ⟨ⲟⲩ⟩
close-mid e ⟨ⲏ⟩ o ⟨ⲱ⟩
mid ə ⟨ⲉ⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨ⲉ⟩ ɔ ⟨ⲟ⟩
open a ⟨ⲁ⟩
Late Coptic vowel phonemes
front back
close i ⟨ⲏ ⲓ⟩ u ⟨ⲟⲩ⟩
close-mid o ⟨ⲟ ⲱ⟩
open a ⟨ⲁ ⲉ ⲏ⟩

English

Consonants

American English consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental dental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m n ŋ
plosive,
affricate 		fortis p t t͡ʃ k
lenis b d d͡ʒ ɡ
fricative fortis f θ s ʃ h
lenis v ð z ʒ
approximant w l ɹ j

Vowels

American English vowel phonemes
front central back
close i u
near-close ɪ ʊ
close-mid e
mid ə o̞
open-mid ɛ ɔ
near-open æ ɐ
open ä

Georgian

Consonants

Standard Georgian consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental dental alveolar postalveolar velar uvular glottal
nasal m ⟨მ⟩ n ⟨ნ⟩
plosive,
affricate 		aspirated pʰ ⟨ფ⟩ tʰ ⟨თ⟩ t͡sʰ ⟨ც⟩ t͡ʃʰ ⟨ჩ⟩ kʰ ⟨ქ⟩
ejective pʼ ⟨პ⟩ tʼ ⟨ტ⟩ t͡sʼ ⟨წ⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨ჭ⟩ kʼ ⟨კ⟩ qʼ ⟨ყ⟩
voiced b ⟨ბ⟩ d ⟨დ⟩ d͡z ⟨ძ⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨ჯ⟩ ɡ ⟨გ⟩
fricative voiceless s ⟨ს⟩ ʃ ⟨შ⟩ x ⟨ხ⟩ h ⟨ჰ⟩
voiced v ⟨ვ⟩ z ⟨ზ⟩ ʒ ⟨ჟ⟩ ɣ ⟨ღ⟩
approximant l ⟨ლ⟩
tap ɾ ⟨რ⟩

Vowels

Standard Georgian vowel phonemes
front back
close i ⟨ი⟩ u ⟨უ⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨ე⟩ ɔ ⟨ო⟩
open ɑ ⟨ა⟩

Greek

Consonants

Attic Greek consonant phonemes
bilabial dental alveolar velar glottal
nasal m ⟨Μ⟩ n ⟨Ν⟩
plosive tenuis p ⟨Π⟩ t ⟨Τ⟩ k ⟨Κ⟩
aspirated pʰ ⟨Φ⟩ tʰ ⟨Θ⟩ kʰ ⟨Χ⟩
voiced b ⟨Β⟩ d ⟨Δ⟩ ɡ ⟨Γ⟩
fricative s ⟨Σ⟩ h
approximant l ⟨Λ⟩
trill r ⟨Ρ⟩

Vowels

Attic Greek short vowel phonemes
front back
unrounded rounded
close i ⟨Ι⟩ y ⟨Υ⟩
close-mid e ⟨Ε⟩ o ⟨Ο⟩
open a ⟨Α⟩
Attic Greek long vowel phonemes
front back
unrounded rounded
close iː ⟨Ι⟩ yː ⟨Υ⟩
close-mid eː ⟨ΕΙ⟩ oː ⟨ΟΥ⟩
open-mid ɛː ⟨Η⟩ ɔː ⟨Ω⟩
open aː ⟨Α⟩

Hawaiian

Consonants

Hawaiian consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental alveolar velar glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive p ⟨p⟩ k ⟨k⟩ ʔ ⟨ʻ⟩
fricative h ⟨h⟩
approximant ʋ ⟨w⟩ l ⟨l⟩

Vowels

Hawaiian short vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
mid o̞ ⟨o⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨e⟩
near-open ɐ ⟨a⟩
Hawaiian long vowel phonemes
front central back
close iː ⟨ī⟩ uː ⟨ū⟩
mid e̞ː ⟨ē⟩ o̞ː ⟨ō⟩
open äː ⟨ā⟩

Hebrew

Consonants

Biblical Hebrew consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
central lateral
nasal m ⟨𐤌⟩ n ⟨𐤍⟩
plosive voiceless p ⟨𐤐⟩ t ⟨𐤕⟩ k ⟨𐤊⟩ ʔ ⟨𐤀⟩
emphatic tˤ ⟨𐤈⟩ kˤ ⟨𐤒⟩
voiced b ⟨𐤁⟩ d ⟨𐤃⟩ ɡ ⟨𐤂⟩
fricative voiceless s ⟨𐤎⟩ ɬ ⟨𐤔⟩ ʃ ⟨𐤔⟩ x ⟨𐤇⟩ ħ ⟨𐤇⟩ h ⟨𐤄⟩
emphatic sˤ ⟨𐤑⟩
voiced z ⟨𐤆⟩ ɣ ⟨𐤏⟩ ʕ ⟨𐤏⟩
approximant w ⟨𐤅⟩ l ⟨𐤋⟩ j ⟨𐤉⟩
trill r ⟨𐤓⟩

Vowels

Biblical Hebrew short vowel phonemes
front back
close i u
open a
Biblical Hebrew long vowel phonemes
front back
close iː uː
close-mid eː oː
open aː

Japanese

Consonants

Japanese consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m n
plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ
fricative voiceless s h
voiced z
approximant w j
liquid ɾ
Japanese archiphonemes
nasal ɴ
geminate ꞯ

Vowels

Japanese short vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ɯᵝ
mid e̞ o̞
open ä
Japanese long vowel phonemes
front central back
close iː ɯᵝː
mid e̞ː o̞ː
open äː

Kʼicheʼ

Consonants

Kʼicheʼ consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar uvular glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate 		plain p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡s ⟨tz⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ k ⟨k⟩ q ⟨q⟩ ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
glottalic ɓ ⟨bʼ⟩ tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩ t͡sʼ ⟨tzʼ⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩ kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩ qʼ ⟨qʼ⟩
fricative s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨x⟩ χ ⟨j⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant w ⟨w⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩
trill r ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Kʼicheʼ short vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
mid e̞ ⟨e⟩ ə ⟨a⟩ o̞ ⟨o⟩
open ä ⟨a⟩
Kʼicheʼ long vowel phonemes
front central back
close iː ⟨i⟩ uː ⟨u⟩
mid e̞ː ⟨e⟩ o̞ː ⟨o⟩
open äː ⟨a⟩

Korean

Consonants

Middle Korean consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨ㅁ⟩ n ⟨ㄴ⟩ ŋ ⟨ㆁ⟩
plosive,
affricate 		plain p ⟨ㅂ⟩ t ⟨ㄷ⟩ t͡s ⟨ㅈ⟩ k ⟨ㄱ⟩
aspirated pʰ ⟨ㅍ⟩ tʰ ⟨ㅌ⟩ t͡sʰ ⟨ㅊ⟩ kʰ ⟨ㅋ⟩
fricative plain s ⟨ㅅ⟩ h ⟨ㅎ⟩
tense s͈ ⟨ㅆ⟩ h͈ ⟨ㆅ⟩
voiced β ⟨ㅸ⟩ z ⟨ㅿ⟩ ɣ ⟨ㅇ⟩
approximant w j
liquid ɾ ⟨ㄹ⟩
Korean consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨ㅁ⟩ n ⟨ㄴ⟩ ŋ ⟨ㅇ⟩
plosive,
affricate 		plain p ⟨ㅂ⟩ t ⟨ㄷ⟩ t͡ɕ ⟨ㅈ⟩ k ⟨ㄱ⟩
tense p͈ ⟨ㅃ⟩ t͈ ⟨ㄸ⟩ t͡ɕ͈ ⟨ㅉ⟩ k͈ ⟨ㄲ⟩
aspirated pʰ ⟨ㅍ⟩ tʰ ⟨ㅌ⟩ t͡ɕʰ ⟨ㅊ⟩ kʰ ⟨ㅋ⟩
fricative plain s ⟨ㅅ⟩ h ⟨ㅎ⟩
tense s͈ ⟨ㅆ⟩
approximant w j ɰ
liquid ɾ ⟨ㄹ⟩

Vowels

Middle Korean vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded
close i ⟨ㅣ⟩ ɨ ⟨ㅡ⟩ u ⟨ㅜ⟩
close-mid ɘ ⟨ㅓ⟩ o ⟨ㅗ⟩
open-mid ʌ ⟨ㆍ⟩
near-open ɐ ⟨ㅏ⟩
Korean short vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
close i ⟨ㅣ⟩ y ⟨ㅟ⟩ ɯ ⟨ㅡ⟩ u ⟨ㅜ⟩
close-mid e ⟨ㅔ⟩ ø ⟨ㅚ⟩ o ⟨ㅗ⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨ㅐ⟩ ʌ ⟨ㅓ⟩
near-open ɐ ⟨ㅏ⟩
Korean long vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
close iː ⟨ㅣ⟩ yː ⟨ㅟ⟩ ɯː ⟨ㅡ⟩ uː ⟨ㅜ⟩
close-mid eː ⟨ㅔ⟩ øː ⟨ㅚ⟩ ɘː ⟨ㅓ⟩ oː ⟨ㅗ⟩
open-mid ɛː ⟨ㅐ⟩
near-open ɐː ⟨ㅏ⟩

Tones

Middle Korean tone phonemes
level ́ ⟨〮⟩ ̀
contour ̌ ⟨〯⟩

Latin

Consonants

Classical Latin consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental dental alveolar palatal velar glottal
plain labialized
nasal m ⟨M⟩ n ⟨N⟩
plosive voiceless p ⟨P⟩ t ⟨T⟩ k ⟨C K⟩ kʷ ⟨QV⟩
voiced b ⟨B⟩ d ⟨D⟩ ɡ ⟨G⟩ ɡʷ ⟨GV⟩
fricative f ⟨F⟩ s ⟨S⟩ h ⟨H⟩
approximant l ⟨L⟩ j ⟨I⟩ w ⟨V⟩
trill r ⟨R⟩

Vowels

Classical Latin short vowel phonemes
front central back
near-close ɪ ⟨I⟩ ʊ ⟨V⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨E⟩ ɔ ⟨O⟩
open ä ⟨A⟩
Classical Latin long vowel phonemes
front central back
close iː ⟨Í⟩ uː ⟨V́⟩
close-mid eː ⟨É⟩ oː ⟨Ó⟩
open äː ⟨Á⟩

Maltese

Consonants

Maltese consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental dental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate 		voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡s ⟨z⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ċ⟩ k ⟨k⟩ ʔ ⟨q⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨ġ⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
fricative voiceless f ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨x⟩ ħ ⟨ħ⟩
voiced v ⟨v⟩ z ⟨ż⟩
approximant w ⟨w⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨j⟩
trill r ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Maltese short vowel phonemes
front central back
near-close ɪ ⟨i⟩ ʊ ⟨u⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ ɔ ⟨o⟩
near-open ɐ ⟨a⟩
Maltese long vowel phonemes
front central back
close iː ⟨i⟩ uː ⟨u⟩
near-close ɪː ⟨ie⟩
open-mid ɛː ⟨e⟩ ɔː ⟨o⟩
near-open ɐː ⟨a⟩

Māori

Consonants

Māori consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar velar glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ŋ ⟨ng⟩
plosive p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ k ⟨k⟩
fricative ɸ ⟨wh⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant w ⟨w⟩
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Māori short vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ ɔ ⟨o⟩
near-open ɐ ⟨a⟩
Māori long vowel phonemes
front back
unrounded rounded
close iː ⟨ī⟩ uː ⟨ū⟩
close-mid eː ⟨ē⟩ oː ⟨ō⟩
open ɑː ⟨ā⟩

Nahuatl

Consonants

Classical Nahuatl consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
central lateral plain labialized
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
plosive p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ k ⟨c qu⟩ kʷ ⟨cu uc⟩ ʔ ⟨h⟩
affricate t͡s ⟨tz⟩ t͡ɬ ⟨tl⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩
fricative s ⟨c z⟩ ʃ ⟨x⟩
approximant l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨hu uh⟩

Vowels

Classical Nahuatl short vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩
mid e̞ ⟨e⟩ o̞ ⟨o⟩
open ä ⟨a⟩
Classical Nahuatl long vowel phonemes
front central back
close iː ⟨ī⟩
mid e̞ː ⟨ē⟩ o̞ː ⟨ō⟩
open äː ⟨ā⟩

Phoenician

Consonants

Phoenician consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
nasal m ⟨𐤌⟩ n ⟨𐤍⟩
plosive,
affricate 		voiceless p ⟨𐤐⟩ t ⟨𐤕⟩ t͡s ⟨𐤎⟩ k ⟨𐤊⟩ ʔ ⟨𐤀⟩
emphatic tˤ ⟨𐤈⟩ t͡sˤ ⟨𐤑⟩ kˤ ⟨𐤒⟩
voiced b ⟨𐤁⟩ d ⟨𐤃⟩ d͡z ⟨𐤆⟩ ɡ ⟨𐤂⟩
fricative ʃ ⟨𐤔⟩ ħ ⟨𐤇⟩ h ⟨𐤄⟩
approximant w ⟨𐤅⟩ l ⟨𐤋⟩ j ⟨𐤉⟩ ʕ ⟨𐤏⟩
trill r ⟨𐤓⟩

Vowels

Phoenician short vowel phonemes
front back
close i u
open a
Phoenician long vowel phonemes
front back
close iː uː
close-mid eː oː
open aː

Sumerian

Consonants

Sumerian consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ŋ ⟨ĝ⟩
plosive,
affricate 		plain p ⟨b⟩ t ⟨d⟩ t͡s ⟨z⟩ k ⟨g⟩ ʔ
aspirated pʰ ⟨p⟩ tʰ ⟨t⟩ t͡sʰ ⟨ř⟩ kʰ ⟨k⟩
fricative s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨š⟩ x ⟨ḫ⟩ h
approximant l ⟨l⟩ j
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Sumerian short vowel phonemes
front back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨e⟩
open a ⟨a⟩
Sumerian long vowel phonemes
front back
close iː ⟨ī⟩ uː ⟨ū⟩
open-mid ɛː ⟨ē⟩
open aː ⟨ā⟩

Tagalog

Consonants

Old Tagalog consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨ᜋ⟩ n ⟨ᜈ⟩ ŋ ⟨ᜅ⟩
plosive voiceless p ⟨ᜉ⟩ t ⟨ᜆ⟩ k ⟨ᜃ⟩ ʔ
voiced b ⟨ᜊ⟩ d ⟨ᜇ⟩ ɡ ⟨ᜄ⟩
fricative s ⟨ᜐ⟩ h ⟨ᜑ⟩
approximant w ⟨ᜏ⟩ l ⟨ᜎ⟩ j ⟨ᜌ⟩
Tagalog consonant phonemes
bilabial alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ ŋ ⟨ng⟩
plosive,
affricate 		voiceless p ⟨p⟩ t ⟨t⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ k ⟨k⟩ ʔ
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩
fricative s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨sh⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant w ⟨w⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩
rhotic ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Old Tagalog vowel phonemes
front central back
close i u
open ä
Tagalog vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
mid e̞ ⟨e⟩ o̞ ⟨o⟩
open ä ⟨a⟩

Thai

Consonants

Thai consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental alveolar palatal velar glottal
nasal m n ŋ
plosive,
affricate 		tenuis p t t͡ɕ k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ t͡ɕʰ kʰ
voiced b d
fricative f s h
approximant w l j
trill r

Vowels

Thai short vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded
close i ɯ u
mid e̞ ɤ̞ o̞
near-open æ ɔ̞
open ä
Thai long vowel phonemes
front central back
unrounded rounded
close iː ɯː uː
mid e̞ ɤ̞ː o̞ː
near-open æː ɔ̞ː
open äː

Tones

Thai tone phonemes
level ˧
contour ˨˩ ˥˩ ˦˥ ˨˦

Ugaritic

Consonants

Ugaritic consonant phonemes
bilabial dental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar pharyngeal glottal
nasal m ⟨𐎎⟩ n ⟨𐎐⟩
plosive voiceless p ⟨𐎔⟩ t ⟨𐎚⟩ k ⟨𐎋⟩ ʔ
emphatic tˤ ⟨𐎉⟩ kˤ ⟨𐎖⟩
voiced b ⟨𐎁⟩ d ⟨𐎄⟩ ɡ ⟨𐎂⟩
fricative voiceless θ ⟨𐎘⟩ s ⟨𐎒⟩ ʃ ⟨𐎌⟩ x ⟨𐎃⟩ ħ ⟨𐎈⟩ h ⟨𐎅⟩
emphatic θˤ ⟨𐎑⟩ sˤ ⟨𐎕⟩
voiced ð ⟨𐎏⟩ z ⟨𐎇⟩ ɣ ⟨𐎙⟩ ʕ ⟨𐎓⟩
approximant w ⟨𐎆⟩ l ⟨𐎍⟩ j ⟨𐎊⟩
trill r ⟨𐎗⟩

Vowels

Ugaritic short vowel phonemes
front back
close i u
open a
Ugaritic long vowel phonemes
front back
close iː uː
close-mid eː oː
open aː

Yoruba

Consonants

Yoruba consonant phonemes
bilabial labiodental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar glottal
plain labial
nasal m ⟨m⟩ ŋ ⟨n⟩
plosive,
affricate 		voiceless t ⟨t⟩ k ⟨k⟩ k͡p ⟨p⟩
voiced b ⟨b⟩ d ⟨d⟩ d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ ɡ ⟨g⟩ ɡ͡b ⟨gb⟩
fricative f ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨ṣ⟩ h ⟨h⟩
approximant l ⟨l n⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
tap ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels

Yoruba oral vowel phonemes
front central back
close i ⟨i⟩ u ⟨u⟩
close-mid e ⟨e⟩ o ⟨o⟩
open-mid ɛ ⟨ẹ⟩ ɔ ⟨ọ⟩
open ä ⟨a⟩
Yoruba nasal vowel phonemes
front back
close ĩ ⟨in⟩ ũ ⟨un⟩
open-mid ɛ̃ ⟨ẹn⟩ ɔ̃ ⟨ọn⟩

Tones

Yoruba tone phonemes
level ́ ⟨́⟩ ̄ ̀ ⟨̀⟩

References

Chinese

  • Lin, Yen-Hwei (2007) The Sounds of Chinese, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN

Egyptian

  • Worrell, William H. (1937) “Popular Traditions of the Coptic Language”, in The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures‎, volume 54, number 1/4, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pages 1–11
  • Crum, Walter E. (1939) A Coptic Dictionary‎, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
  • Isḥāḳ, Emile Māher (1975) The phonetics and phonology of the Boḥairic dialect of Coptic and the survival of Coptic words in the colloquial and Classical Arabic of Egypt and of Coptic grammatical constructions in colloquial Egyptian Arabic (doctoral thesis), Oxford: University of Oxford
  • Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
  • Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN
  • Atiya, Aziz Suryal, editor (1991), The Coptic Encyclopedia‎, New York: Macmillan, →ISBN
  • Hoch, James E. (1994) Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, Princeton: Princeton University Press, →ISBN
  • Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
  • Peust, Carsten (1999) Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language‎, Göttingen: Peust und Gutschmidt Verlag GbR
  • Peust, Carsten (2008) “On Consonant Frequency in Egyptian and Other Languages”, in Lingua Aegyptia‎, volume 16, Hamburg: Widmaier Verlag, pages 105–134
  • Allen, James P. (2013) The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
  • Allen, James P. (2020) Ancient Egyptian Phonology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN

Georgian

  • Shosted, Ryan K., Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006) “Standard Georgian”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association‎, volume 36, number 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pages 255–264

Hawaiian

  • Elbert, Samuel H., Pukui, Mary Kawena (1979) Hawaiian Grammar, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, →ISBN
  • Parker Jones, ʻŌiwi (2018) “Hawaiian”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association‎, volume 48, number 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pages 103–115

Kʼicheʼ

  • Larsen, Thomas W. (1988) Manifestations of Ergativity in Quiché Grammar‎ (doctoral dissertation), Berkeley: University of California

Korean

  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999) “Korean”, in Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet‎, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 120–123
  • Lee, Ki-Moon, Ramsey, S. Robert (2011) A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN

Maltese

  • Lucas, Christopher, Čéplö, Slavomír (2020) “Maltese”, in Arabic and contact-induced change‎, Berlin: Language Science Press, →ISBN, pages 265–302

Sumerian

  • Jagersma, Bram (2010) A Descriptive Grammar of Sumerian‎ (doctoral thesis)
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