User:Burgundaz/Germanic plants and animals

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Animals (*Deuzō)

General terms

  • *deuzą - n - "(wild) animal" < *dʰews-óm
  • *welþaz (oblique *wilþiz-) - n - "wild animal, beast" < *wélt-os/*wélt-es-[1] (OE wilder/wildor; OHG wild/wildiran (dative plural))

Birds (*Fuglōz)

  • *agǭ (obl. *akkōn-) - f - "magpie"
    • *agatǭ - f - "magpie"
    • *agilǭ - f - "magpie"
      • *agilastrijǭ - f - "magpie"
  • *alaz - m - "auk?; long tailed duck?"
    • *alkǭ - f - "auk" (ON alka; OE ealce)
    • *allijǭ - f - "auk?; long tailed duck?"
  • *albuts (obl. *albit-) - f - "swan"
  • *amuzô/*amazô - m - "bunting" (OE omer/amore; OHG amoro)
  • *amslǭ - f - "blackbird" (OE o-sle; OHG amsala)
  • *anudz (obl. aniþ-) - f - "duck" (ON ǫnd, (pl) endr/andir; OE ænid/æned/ened; OHG anut/enit)
  • *arô' (obl. *arn-) - m - "eagle" (GO ara; ON ari/ǫrn; OE earn; OHG aro/arn)
  • *artǭ - f - "wagtail; teal" (ON arta; OE earte)
  • *awadaz - m - "eiderduck" (ON *áðr > MoSW (dial.) åd)
    • *awadī - f - "eiderduck" (ON æðr) (or *awidī?)
  • *balikô - m - "coot" (OS beliko)
    • *balikǭ - f - "coot" (OHG belihha)
  • *dēh(w)ǭ - f - "jackdaw" (OE *dāwe > ME dawe; OHG tāha)
  • *dūbǭ - f - "dove" (GO -dūbo; ON dúfa; OS dūba; OHG tūba)
    • *dūbazô - m - "male dove" (OHG *tūbar(o) > MHG tūber)
  • *erpô - m - "hazel grouse" (ON jarpi)
  • *ewwadô - m - "tit; kind of small bird" (ON *egði > NO egde)
    • *ewwadjǭ - f - "tit; kind of small bird" (ON igða) (or *iwwidjǭ?)
  • *falkô - m - "falcon" (ON falki; OHG falco)
  • *ganazô - m - "gander" (OE gandra)
  • *gaukaz - m - "cuckoo" (ON gaukr; OE gēac; OHG gouh)
  • *habukaz (obl. *habika-) - m - "hawk" (ON haukr; OE hafoc/hafuc/heafoc; OF hauk; OS habuk; OHG habuh) - (cf. Proto-Slavic *kobьcь ("hawk; merlin")
  • *hanô - m - "singer; rooster" (also used in a compound for "grasshopper") (GO hana; ON hani; OE hana; OF hona; OS hano; OHG hano) (< *kh̥́₂n-on-)
    • *hanjō - f - "hen" (OE henn; OS henna; OHG henna) (secondary feminine formation)
    • *hōnaz (obl. *hōniz-) - n - "hen, fowl" (OS hōn; OHG huon)
      • *hōnisīną - n - "poultry(?)" (ON hœnsn)
    • *hōnijǭ - f - "hen" (ON hœna) (the original feminine formation)
  • *himbriną/*him(b)rīną - n - "common loon, great northern diver" (ON himbrin)
  • *hrabô (obl. *hrapp-) - m - "raven" (ON hrafn; OE hræfn/hræm; OS -raban/-ram; MD rave; OHG rabo/hrabo/rappo/hraban)
  • *hrōkaz/*hrōkô - m - "rook, jackdaw" (ON hrókr/hraukr; OE hrōc; OS hrōk; OHG ruoh/ruoho)
  • *hūwô - m - "owl" (OHG hūwo)
  • *kawō/*kēwō - f - "jackdaw" (OE cēo; OS kā; OHG kaha/kā)
  • *kran- - "crane"
    • *kranaz - m - "crane" (OE cran)
    • *kranô - m - "crane" (ON trani; OS krano; MHG krane)
    • *kranǭ - f - "crane" (ON trana)
    • *kranukaz - m - "crane"
  • *krēkaz - m - "crow, raven" (ON krákr)
    • *krēkǭ - f - "crow, raven" (ON kráka)
  • *kulbrǭ/kulubrǭ - f - "dove" (OE culfre/culufre) (borrowed from either *kol(u)br- or *gul(u)br-)[2]
  • *laiwaz (obl. *laiwiz-) - n - "lark"
    • *laiwizakǭ - f - "lark" (OE lāwrice/lāwerce/lǣwerce; OHG lērahha/lēricha)
  • *maisǭ - f - "titmouse" (IC -meisa; OE māse; MD mese; OHG meisa)
    • *maisingaz - m - "titmouse" (ON meisingr)
      • *maisingô - m - "titmouse" (OF mesinga)
      • *maisingǭ - f - "titmouse" (OD *mēsinga > MLa misinga)
  • *mai- - "sea-gull"
    • *mai(h)waz - m - "sea-gull" (ON már/mór; OE māw; OHG mēh)
    • *maisô - m - "sea-gull" (NO måse; SW mås)
    • *maikô - m - "sea-gull" (SW måke; DA måge)
  • *maiwiz - m - "mew" (OE mǣw/mēaw)
  • *skeuraz - m - "magpie" (ON skjǫr)
  • *smeuhō - f - "smew" (OE *smēo(h) > MoE smee/smew; MHG smiehe) < uncertain[3]
  • *starô (obl. *starran-) - m - "starling" (ON stari; OE stær; OHG star(o))
    • *star(ri)jǭ - f - "starling" (MD sterre)
    • *starǭ - f - "starling" (OS stara)
  • *sūlǭ - f - "gannet"
  • *swalwǭ - f - "swallow" (ON svala; OE swealwe/swealewe; OS swala; OHG swalawa)
  • *swanaz - m - "swan" (ON svanr; OE swan/swon; OS swan; OHG swan)
  • *tailijaz - m - "teal" (ME tēl; MD teling/teiling)
  • *urzę̄ (pl. *urzniz) - m - "black grouse, capercaillie" (ON orri; OHG orre-huon)
    • *urznī - f - "black grouse, capercaillie" (NO (dial.) yrkne)
  • *walō - f - "golden oriole" (ME wōde-wāle; MD wede-wale; MHG wite-wal)
  • *wōrzô - m - "black grouse; pheasant" (OE wōr-hana)
  • *wrind- - "wren"
    • *wrandijô - m - "wren" (OS wrendo)
    • *wrandilô - m - "wren" (OS wrendilo; OHG wrentilo)
    • *wran(d)nijô - m - "wren" (OE wrenna/werna)
    • *wrindilaz - m - "wren" (ON rindil- > IC rindill)

Fish and sea-life (*Fiskōz jahw deuzō marīz)

  • *ag- - "bass" (probably from *h₂eḱ- ("to be sharp"))
    • *aga- - "bass, seabass" (OSw agh-borre; ODa agborræ)
    • *aguraz/*aguzaz - m - "sea-bass; or carp(?); kind of fish" (ON ǫgr, also augr/augurr[4])
  • *alundaz (obl. *alunþaz) - m - "whitefish; mackerel" (ON ǫlunn; OS alund; OHG alunt)
  • *barsaz - m - "bass; perch" (OE bears/bærs; MD barse/baerse; OHG bars)
    • *burzô - m - "bass" (OSw agh-borre; ODa ag-borræ
  • *ēlaz - m - "eel"
  • *furhnō - f - "trout" (OE forn(e); OS forhna
    • *furhnijǭ - f - "trout" (OS furhnia; MD voorne; OHG forhana)
  • *grumþungaz - m - "cod" (coastal?) (ON grunnungr) (literally means "shallow (one)")
  • *halikaz - m - "herring" (OE healic)
  • *humaraz - m - "lobster" (ON humarr)
  • *hwaliz - m - "whale" (ON hvalr; OE hwael; MD wal-visch; OHG wal/wal-fisk)
    • *hwalisō - f - "wels catfish, sheatfish" (MoG wels)
    • *hwalizǭ - f - "whale" (OHG walira)
  • *igilaz - m - "sea urchin"
  • *krabbô - m - "crab, crayfish" (ON krabbi; OE crabba)
    • *krabitaz - m - "crayfish" (OS krebit; OHG krebiz/krebazzo < *krabatjô/*krabitjô?)
  • *lahsaz - m - "salmon"
  • *liuhizaz - m - "Atlantic/European pollock" (ON lýr(r))
  • *milikō/ǭ - f - "tuna"
  • *sīkaz - m - "type of salmon, common/European whitefish"
  • *sturjô - m - "sturgeon"
    • *sturjǭ - f - sturgeon"
  • *þurskaz - m - "cod" (ON þorskr)

Insects (*In-skurō)

  • *ēmitjō/*amaitijō[5] - f - "ant" (OE ǣmette/æmette; MD amete/emete/eemt; OHG āmeiza/ameiza)
  • *angraz - m - "weevil" (OHG angar) (from *h₂engʷʰ- ("snake"))
  • bijǭ - f - "bee"
    • *binô - m - "bee"
      • *binīną - n - "bee"
  • *bitlô - m - "beetle" (< *bītaną)
  • *brem- - "gadfly" (< *bremaną ("to drone, hum"))
    • *bremô - m - "gadfly" (OS bremo; OHG bremo) (probably the primary formation)
      • *brimmijǭ - f - "gadfly" (OD bremmia) (< *brim-n-jǭ) (probably the original feminine)
    • *bremutō - f - "gadfly" (MLG bromete) (with the "animal suffix" -ut-)
    • *brimisô - m - "gadfly" (OE brēosa/brīosa[6])
      • *brimisjǭ - f - "gadfly" (OE brimse; OS brimissa; MD breemse/bremse)
  • *drenô/*drunô - m - "drone"
  • *durô - m - "bumblebee"
  • *ēmǭ - f - "larva; caterpillar" (ON *áma > NO åme)
    • *ēmilō - f - "larva" (OE ēmel; MLG emel)
  • *fīfaldrô - m - "butterfly"
    • *fīfaldrǭ - f - "butterfly"
  • *flauhaz - m - "flea"
  • *fleugǭ - f - "fly"
  • *gnattaz - m - "gnat"
  • *humilô - m - "bumblebee"
  • *humulaz - m - "bumblebee"
  • *hurznutô - m - "hornet"
    • *hurznutǭ - f - "hornet"
  • *imbijaz - m - "bee"
    • *imbijō - f - "bee"
    • *imbiją - n - "swarm of bees"
  • *kabraz/*kabrô - m - "beetle"
  • *kebraz/*kebrô - m - "beetle"
  • *luppô - f - "flea"
  • *lūs - f - "louse"
  • *maþô - m - "maggot; moth"
    • *maþikô - m - "maggot, worm"
    • *maþrô - m - "woodworm"
      • *maþrijô - m - "mite"
  • *mauraz - m - "ant"
    • *maurijǭ - f - "ant"
  • *muþþô - m - "moth"
    • *muþþǭ - f - "moth"
    • *muþikǭ - f - "moth"
  • *muwī (obl. *mujjō-) - f - "mosquito"
  • *tīgô (obl. *tikkan-') - m - "tick"
  • *wibilaz - m - "weevil; beetle"

Mammals (*Dajjand deuzō)

  • *aikwernô/*īkurnô - m - "squirrel" (ON íkorni; OE ācweorn(a); MD eecoren; OHG eihhurno/eihhorno)
  • *apô - m - "monkey, ape" (ON api; OE apa; OS apo; OHG affo) < *h₂/₃eb-[7]
  • *awī (obl. *awjō-) - f - "ewe" (ON ær; OE ēowu; OF ei; MD ooi(e)/ouw(e); OHG ouwi/ou)
  • *bairaz - m - "boar" (OE bār; OS bēr; OHG bēr)
  • *barugaz - m - "barrow, castrated boar" (ON bǫrg; OE bearg/bearh; OHG barug)
  • *beburaz - m - "beaver" (ON bjǫrr[8]; OE beofer; OS bibar/bibor; OHG bibar/bibur)
  • *berô (obl. *bern-) - m - "bear" (originally *werô, obl. *bernu-)
    • *birnijǭ - f - "she-bear" (ON birna)
  • *brindaz - m - "elk" (Elfd. brinde; NO bringe)
  • *brundaz - m - "rut; male elk" (ON *brund > NO brund)
  • *brusô - m - "he-goat, buck"
  • *bukô (obl. *bukkan-)/*bukkaz[9] - m - "billy-goat, buck" (ON bokkr/bukkr; OE bucc; MD boc; OHG bock)
  • *bulô (obl. *bullan-) - m - "bull" (ON buli; OE bula; MLG bulle; MD bul(le))
    • *bullukaz - m - "bull calf, young bull" (OE bulluc)
  • *dugô (obl. *dukk-) - m - "(large) dog, mastiff" (OE docga/*dogga > ME dogge) < *duganą[10] ("to be fit")
  • *eburaz - m - "boar" (ON jǫfurr; OE eofor; MD ever; OHG ebur)
  • *ehwaz - m - "horse" (GO aihwa-; ON jór; OE eoh; OS ehu-skalk)
  • *elhô (obl. *elka-) - m - "elk" (OE eolh/eola; OHG elaho/elho) (the oblique stem elk- is due to Kluge's law > *h₁el-ḱ-nós)
  • *erbaz/*erbô - "wolverine" (ON *jarfr > IC jerfur, obs. jarfi, NO jerv, dial. jarv/erv)
  • *farhaz - m - "farrow, pig" (OE fearh; OHG farah/farh)
    • *farhakīną - n - "pig" (MD verkijn/varkijn)
    • *farhalīną - n - "pig" (OHG farhilī(n))
  • *farzô - m - "young bull" (ON farri; OE fearr; MD var(r)e; OHG farro)
    • *farsijō - f - "heifer" (MLG verse; MD vaerse/ve(e)rse; MHG verse)
  • *fōraz - m - "piglet" (OE fōr; OS fōr; MLG vōr)
  • *fuhsaz - m - "fox" (OE fox; MLG vos(se); MD vos; OHG fuhs)
    • *fuhǭ[11] - f - "she-fox, vixen" (GO fauho; ON fóa/fúa; OHG voha)
    • *fuhsinjō - f - "she-fox, vixen" (ME fixen(e)/vixen; MHG vühsinne) (secondary feminine formation)
  • *fulô - m - "foal" (GO fula; ON foli; OE fola; OHG folo)
    • *fulikǭ - f - "filly, young mare" (MD vilke; MHG vülche)
    • *fulīną - n - "foal" (MD volen/vulen; OHG vulīn
    • *fulją - n - "foal or filly" (ON fyl)
    • *fuljǭ - f - "she-foal, filly" (ON fylja)
  • *gaits - f - "goat" (GO gaits; ON geit; OE gāt; OS gēt; OHG geiz)
  • *gaitīną - n - "kid, little goat" (GO gaitein) (cf. OE gǣten, OHG geizīn < *gaitīnaz ("of or related to goat"))
  • *grawją - n - "greyhound" (ON grey; OE grīġhund)
  • *haþ- - "goat"
    • *hadala - f - "she-goat" (MHG hatele)
    • *hadinǭ/*haþnǭ - f - "young she-goat" (ON haðna)
  • *hafraz - m - "billy-goat, buck" (ON hafr; OE hæfer)
  • *hamalaz - m - "castrated ram" < "truncated (ram)" (MD hame; OHG hamal)
  • *harmô - m - "ermine"
  • *herutaz - m - "hart, deer"
  • *hesô/*hazô - m - "hare"
  • *hindō - f - "hind"
  • *hrūtaz - m - "ram"
  • *hundaz - m - "dog"
  • *egulaz (obl. *igilaz) - m - "hedgehog; porcupine" (ON igull; ODa jæwæl (< ON *jǫgull?); OE igil; MD egel; OHG igil)
  • *irhaz - m - "he-goat"
  • *irpijǭ - f - "brown mare" (IC irpa)
  • *jaukijaz - m - "draft animal, horse"
    • *jaukijǭ - f - "draft animal, mare"
  • *kelb- - "calf"
    • *kalbaz (obl. *kalbiz-) - n - "calf"
    • *kalbǭ - f - "female calf" (GO kalbo; OHG kalba)
    • *kelbuzą - n - "calf" (OE cilfor-lamb; OHG kilbur)
      • *kelbuzjō - f - "female calf" (OHG kilburra)
  • *kat- - "cat" (earlier *gat-)
    • *katasô/*katazô - m - "tomcat" (MD catere; OHG katere; MoG (dial.) kāz)
    • *kattǭ/*kattaz - f - "cat" (OF katte; MD catte; OHG kazza)
    • *kattuz - m - "cat" (ON kǫttr)
      • *kattijǭ - f - "cat" (ON ketta)
  • *kursô - m - "bull calf" (ON kursi/kussi)
  • *kurzô (< *kwurz-) - m - "dog, mongrel" (ME curre)
    • *kwarzijō - f - "female dog, bitch" (MD querie)
  • *k(w)ōz' (obl. *ku-; pl. *ku-ïz)[12] - f - "cow" (ON kýr; OE kū, pl.kȳ; OF kū; OS kō; OHG kuo)
  • *lambaz (obl. *lambiz-) - n - "lamb"
  • *luhsaz - m - "lynx" (original s-stem *luhaz/*luhiz-?)
    • *luhō - f - "lynx"
  • *marhaz - m - "horse, steed"
    • *marhī - f - "mare"
  • *marþruz - m - "marten"
  • *mēlō - f - "young cow" (OLF ma-la; MoD maal; cf. AG μῆλον; PC *mīlom)
  • *mūs - f - "mouse"
  • *rīh- - "roe deer"
    • *raihaz/*raihô - m - "roe deer" (ON rá; OE rā/rāha; OD rēho; OHG rēh/rēho)
    • *rikkī - f - "female roe deer" (MoD recke; MoG Ricke)
  • *raþô (obl. ratt-) - m - "rat"
  • *smalô - m - "cattle" (ON smali)
  • *steuraz - m - "steer, bull"
  • *sūz (obl. *suw-) - f - "sow"
    • *swīną - n - "swine, pig" (GO swein; ON svín; OE swī; OF swīn; OS swīn; OHG swīn)
  • *tauhǭn - f - "female dog, bitch"
  • *tibǭ (obl. *tippōn-) - f - "female dog, bitch" (IC tebba[13]; OE tife; MD teve)
  • *tigǭ - f - "goat" (OHG ziga)
  • *tikkīną - n - "young goat" (OE ticcen; OHG zickīn)
  • *þahsuz - m - "badger" (NO (dial.) toks; MD das; MHG dahs)
  • *þeuraz - m - "bull" (ON þjórr); OSw þiur; MoD (dial.) duur)
  • *uhsę̄ (pl. *uhsniz) - m - "ox"
  • *ūrz/*ūrô[14] - m - "aurocks" (ON úrr; OE ūr; OHG ūro)
  • *windundz - m - "wisent" (ON vísundr; OE wesend/weosend; MD wesent; OHG wisunt/wisant)
  • *wrainijô - m - "stallion"
  • *wulbī (obl. *wulgijō-)[15] - f - "she-wolf" (ON ylgr/ylgja; OHG wulpa)
  • *wulfaz - m - "wolf" (GO wulfs; ON ulfr; OE wulf; OHG wolf) (gave two stems in West Germanic, *wulf- and *wolf- due to uneven a-umlaut)

Reptiles (*Kreupand deuzō)

  • *snek-
    • *snakô - f - "snake" (OE snaca; OS *snako > MLG snake) (newer, formed from *snakaną ("to sneak, crouch"))
    • *snēkô - f - "snake" (ON snákr) (older form)
  • *ungô[16] (obl. *unk-) - m - "snake" (OHG unk, MHG unc/unke) < *h₂engʷʰ- ("snake")

Plants (*Urtīz)

Flowers and flowering plants (*Blōmaniz jahw blōandijôz urtīz)

  • *adukaz (obl. *adika-) - m - "(dwarf) elder" - (cf. Celtic *odok-, Latin ebulum)
    • *adikô - m - "coriander"[17] < "(dwarf) elder" (OHG attiho, (also glosses Latin ebulum)
  • *alizô - m - "elder tree" (ON alri)
  • *arfô - m - "chickweed" (ON arfi; OE earfan (pl))
  • *bel- - "henbane"
    • *bellǭ - f - "henbane" (OE henne-belle)
    • *belunǭ (obl. *bilinōn-) - f - "henbane" (OE belone/beolone/belene; OS bilina)
    • *bilisǭ - f - "henbane" (OHG bilisa)
  • *brēm- - "bramble; broom"
    • *brēmaz - m - "broom, bramble" (OE brōm)
    • *brēmilaz - m - "bramble" (OE brǣm(b)el/brēm(b)el; OS brāmal-busk)
    • *brēmô - m - "bramble shrub, blackberry shrub, thorny shrub" (OHG brāmo)
    • *brēmǭ - f - "bramble" (OHG brāma)
  • *brēraz/*brēzaz - m - "briar, thorny bush" (OE brēr/brǣr) < uncertain[18]
  • *bulutaz - m - "cuckoo flower" (OE bulut) (presumably the oblique is *bulita-)
  • *diliz (obl. or pl. *dulja-) - m - "dill" (OE dile/dyle; OS dilli; OHG tilli; MHG tülle)
  • *dudrô - m - "dodder; camelina?" (ME doder; MLG doder/dodder; OHG totoro > MHG toter)
    • *dudrǭ - f - "dodder; camelina?" (ON *doðra > IC -doðra, SW dådra)
  • *flahsą - n - "flax" (OE fleax; OF flax; MLG vlas; OHG flahs)
  • *fur(r)isaz - m - "furze" (OE fyrs)
  • *gurstaz - m - "gorse, furze, bramble" (OE gorst) (related to *gerstō)
  • *hanapaz/*hanipaz - m - "hemp" (ON hanpr; OE hænep/henep; MD hanep/hannep; OHG hanaf/hanif)
  • *harzwaz - m - "flax" (ON hǫrr; OF her; OHG haro/harwes)
  • *helmaz - m - "sedge; marram grass"
  • *hramusô - m - "ramsons, wild garlic"
    • *hramusjǭ - f - "ramsons, wild garlic"
  • *hul- - "holly"
    • *hulanaz - m - "holly" (OE holen/holegn)
    • *hulbaz - m - "holly" (ON hulfr) (or *hulwaz?)
    • *hulisaz - m - "holly" (MD huls; OHG hulis/huls)
      • *hulisjǭ - f - "holly" (MoG Hülse)
  • *humilô - m - "hops" (ON humli)
    • *humiljǭ - f - "hops" (OE hymele) (collective?)
  • *klaitǭ - f - "clot-bur, burdock" (OE clāte)
  • *klībǭ/*klibǭ - f - "burdock" (OE clife; OS klīva; OHG klība) (ablauting *klībǭ/*klibǭ?)
  • *lingwą - n - "heather" (ON lyng; OSw liung)
  • *madrǭ - f - "madder" (ON maðra; OE mædere; MHG matare/metere)
  • *maldō - f - "saltbush, orache" (SW molla; MoG (dial.) malda)
    • *maldijō - f - "saltbush, orache" (NO -melde; OSw mæld; OE melde; OS maldia; OHG melta/melda (< *malþijō?))
  • *marikô - m - "wild celery, smallage" (ON merki; OSw mærke; OE mer(e)ce; MLG merk)
  • *miuriją - n - "chickweed" (WFr mier(e); MD miere/mure)
  • *murhǭ - f - "wild carrot" (OE moru/more; OS morha; MD more; OHG moraha) (possibly ON mura ("silverweed"))
  • *natǭ - f - "nettle" (NO (dial.) nata; OHG nazza)
    • *natilǭ - f - "nettle" (NO (dial.) netla; OE netele/netel; OHG nezzila)
  • *sagjaz - m - "sedge"
  • *sahazaz - m - "sedge" (OS saher-; OHG sahar) (< original *sahaz/*sahiz-? cf. also *sahsą, "knife")
  • *smērô - m - "clover" (ON *smári > IC smári)
    • *smērijǭ - f - "clover" (ON *smæra > IC smæra)
  • *smultraną - n - "wild strawberry"
  • *waizdą - n - "woad" (OE wād; OF wēde; OS wēd; OD wēd(e); OHG weit)
  • wratjǭ - f - "madder" (OE wrætte; OHG rezza) (related to *wrōts ("root"))

Fruits (*Akranō)

  • *aikilǭ - f - "acorn" (MoD eikil; OHG eihhila)
  • *ainijabazją - n - "juniper berry" (ON einiber)
  • *akraną - n - "tree fruit, acorn" (GO akran; ON akarn; OSw akarn; OE æcern, MoE acorn; MD aker; MHG ackeran)
  • *aplaz - m - "apple" (OE æpl)
    • *apulaz (obl. *apila-) - m - "apple" (OE æpl/æppel
  • *basją (pl. *bazja-) - n - "berry" (GO basi; ON ber; OE beriġe; OS beri; MD bes/besie; OHG beri)
  • *bladą - n - "leaf, blade" (ON blað; OE blæd; OF -bled; OS blad; OHG blat)
  • *hnuts - f - "nut" (ON hnot; OE hnutu; OS hnut; OHG nuz)
  • *mastaz - m - "mast, fruit of forest trees" (OE mæst; OHG mast)

Grasses (*Grasō)

  • *andulaz/*and(a)laz - m - "saltmarsh grass" (OF ondul/andel)
  • *benutaz (obl. *binita-) - m - "bulrush?; a type of dry or coarse grass?" (OE beonot; OS binet; OHG binuz)
  • *bewwu/*bewwaz (obl. *biwwiz-)[19] - n - "barley"
  • *gerstō - f - "barley" (OS gersta; OHG gersta) (cf. Latin hordeum)
  • *hirsijaz - m - "millet" (ON hirsi; OHG hirsi)
  • *samiþō - f - "rush, reed" (OHG semida)
  • *smelhw- - "hair-grass"
    • *smelhwō - f - "hair-grass" (OHG smelha)
      • *smilhwiją - n - "hair-grass" (NO smyle, (dial.) smile/smele) (collective)
    • *smelwō (< *smelkʷéh₂) - f - "hair-grass" (MHG smelwe)
      • *smilwiją - n - "hair-grass" (NO (dial.) smelve, smylve) (collective)
  • *terwǭ (or *tarwijǭ?) - f - "tare" (ME tare; MD tarwe/terwe)

Herbs (*Wurtīz)

  • *dukkǭ - f - "dock" (ON *docca > ODa -docce; OE docce; OS dokka; OHG tocka)
  • *hwannō - f - "angelica" (ON hvǫnn)
  • *klitǭ - f - "colt's foot" (OE clite)
  • *krasjǭ - f - "cress, watercress" (OE cresse/cærse/cerse;

Leaves (*Laubō)

  • *baraz (obl. *bariz-) - n - "awn" > "barley" (GO barizeins; ON barr; OE bere
    • *barzą - m - "awn" (> "pine needle")
  • *feþlą - n - "leaf, petal" (OHG fedelgold)
  • *halmaz - m - "blade of grass" (ON halmr; OE healm; OS halm; OHG halm)
  • *laubą - n - "leaf" (GO lauf; ON lauf; OE lēaf; OF lāf; OS lōf; OHG loub
  • *laukaz - m - "leek, onion" (ON laukr; OE lēac; OHG louh)

Miscellaneous (*Miskanō)

  • *ah- - "chaff, awn"
    • *ahanō/*aganō[20] - f - "chaff" (GO ahana; OS agana; OHG agana)
    • *ahulaz (obl. *agila-) - m - "awn" (OE egl; OHG ahil)
    • *ahunō (obl. *aginō-) - f - "chaff, awn" (ON ǫgn; OE eġenu)
  • *anhulaz - m - "shoot"
  • *aiglaz - m - "shoot; seed, sprout" (SW (dial.) egel/äjel)
  • *bastaz - m - "bast" (ON bast; OE bæst; OHG bast)
  • *berk- - "birch > bark"
  • *barką - n - "bark" > "tanning material" (FA bark; NO bark)
  • '*barkuz - m - "bark" (ON bǫrkr)
    • *burkō - f - "bark" (MLG borke)
  • *buskaz - m - "bush, shrub" (ON *buskr > NO busk; ME bush; MLG busch; OHG busc)
  • *farnaz - m - "fern"
  • *farniþją - n - "fern bush" (collective)
  • *hagrô - m - "bromus" (NO (dial.) hagre; OSw hagri; DA hejre)
    • *hagrǭ - f - "bromus; kind of thyme?" (IC -hagra)
  • *hrīsą - n - "brushwood" (ON hrís; OE hrīs; MD rijs; OHG rīs/hrīs)
  • *kafą - n - "chaff" (OE ceaf; MLG kaf; MD caf; OHG kaf)
  • *wrōts - f - "root" (ON rót (pl. rœtr); OSw rōt)

Seeds (*Sēdīz)

  • *arwīts (obl. (or pl.?) *arwait-) - f - "pea" (ON ertr (pl); OHG arawīz/araweiz)
  • *baunō - f - "bean"
  • *habrô - m - "oats" (ON hafri; OS haboro; OHG habaro/haparo)
  • *kern-
    • *kernô - m - "corn, grain" (ON kjarni; OS kerno; MD kerne/keerne; OHG kerno)
    • *kurną - n - "corn, wheat" (GO kaurn; ON korn; OE corn; OS korn; OHG korn)
    • *kurnô - n - "corn, grain" (GO kaurno; NO (dial.) korna)

Trees and woody plants(*Trewō jahw widugôz urtīz)

  • *ahraz - m - "maple"
    • *ahurnaz - m - "maple"
  • *aiks - f - "oak"
    • *aikiþją - n - "oak forest (collective)"
  • *ainijaz - m - "juniper" (ON einir)
  • *aluzaz (obl. *alisa-) - m - "alder" (ON ǫlr; OE alor/aler; )
    • *alisô - m - "alder" (MD else)
    • *aliziþją - n - "alderbushes" (collective)
    • *alizją - n - "alder" (ON elri)
    • *alizō/*alisō - f - "alder" (GO *alisa > SPA aliso; OS elira/elis-; OHG elira/erila)
    • *alustrą - n - "alder-bush, alder-tree" (ON ǫlstr)
  • *apaldraz - m - "apple tree" (tree suffix)
  • *askaz - m - "ash"
  • *aspō - f - "aspen"
  • *berkō - f - "birch"
    • *birkijǭ - f - "birch"
    • *birkiþją - n - "birch forest (collective)"
  • *bōkō - f -" beech"
    • *bōkijǭ - f - "beech"
  • *bruskaz - m - "brush, shrub"
  • *dannǭ - f - "fir" (OHG danna)[21]
    • *dannijǭ - f - "fir" (OS dennia)
  • *elmaz/*almaz - m - "elm" (ON almr; OE elm; OHG elm) (ablauting? or separate collective?)
  • *el- - "willow" < *h₁el-
    • *elus- (obl. *ilis-) - f - "(laurel) willow" - cf. PS *elьxa ("alder")
      • *elustrō - f - "(laurel) willow" (ON jǫlstr)
      • *ilistriją - n - "(laurel) willow" (ON ilstri)
  • *felwō - f - "willow"
  • *ferhwaz - m - "oak"
    • *furhwǭ - f - "fir"
      • *furhwijǭ - f - "pine"
  • *feuhtō - f - "spruce, fir"
    • *fiuhtijǭ - f - "spruce"
  • *haslaz - m - "hazel" (ON hasl; OE haesel; MD hasel; OHG hasal)
    • *haslǭ - f - "hazel" (OHG hasala)
  • *hulandraz - m - "elder" (tree suffix)
    • *hulþiją - n - "elder (forest)"
  • *īwaz - m - "yew"
    • *īwiþją - n - "yew trees, yew forest (collective)"
  • *kizną - n - "pine tree"
  • *lindō - f - "lime tree" (ON lind; OE lind; OS linda; OHG linta)
  • *mapuldraz - m - "maple tree" (tree suffix)
  • *mataldraz/*mataldro- - m/f - "field maple" (tree suffix)
  • *salihǭ - f - "sallow; willow"
  • *tirwiją - n - "pinewood"
  • *þallō - f - "fir-tree"
    • *þullaz - m - "fir-tree"

Notes

</references>

  1. ^ related to *wilþijaz ("wild, untamed"); this formation provides confirmation that the root was *welt-, not *wel-t- (with an extension -t-)
  2. ^ along with AG kólymbos/kólymph- ("diving bird; little grebe"), LA columba ("pigeon, dove"), and Proto-Slavic *gȍlǫbь ("pigeon, dove"), the word likely goes back to a non-PIE Wanderwort; despite the difference in meaning, the Greek word can be connected simply by semantics: compare the other Germanic word for "dove", *dūbǭ from *dūbaną ("to dive"); if the second reconstruction is correct, the structure of the second syllable in Germanic is reminiscent of *silubrą, therefore possibly borrowed from the same donor language
  3. ^ possibly from pre-Germanic *smewk-> *smeuganą ("to creep/slip into"), due to their nesting in the holes of trees
  4. ^ with influence from *augô ("eye")
  5. ^ a difficult word: we could assume ablaut (?); it's also possible that the OHG word was altered by folk etymology with *maitaną ("to cut")
  6. ^ with -m- vocalizing before -s-, which occurred after apocope of unstressed -i- and well after the Ingvaeonic Nasal Spirant Law
  7. ^ PIE did not possess a morpheme -b-; also, simply from the meaning itself, it's likely not native to Germanic
  8. ^ ON bjǫrr (< as if *beuraz) can't be reconstructed as *bebruz, otherwise we'd expect *bøfr; ON -f- tends to disappear intervocalically next to -u-, eg. haukr < *ha(f)ukr
  9. ^ *bukkaz split off from an original n-stem *bukô/*bukk-
  10. ^ the word is earlier used with large dogs, usually mastiffs; OE shows leveling of the strong stem-final -g-, replacing the weak geminate -kk-: *dug- + *dukk- = *dugg-, as is very common in the Old and Middle Germanic languages when regularizing n-stems with Kluge's variation; the fact that the word shows the effects of Kluge's law at all however does indeed prove it dates back to Proto-Germanic
  11. ^ primary feminine formation; cf. *luhǭ from *luhsaz (both "lynx")
  12. ^ a difficult word to reconstruct, not just in Germanic: more recently reconstructed as *gʷeh₃u- and possibly *gʷeh₃- (cf. AG bṓn and SA gā́m as if from *gʷeh₃-m); ostensibly post-PIE/pre-Gmc *-ōu- simplified to *-ō- (which is probably corroborated by *fōr' < *fōur < *péh₂-wr ("fire")), but perhaps not before same-syllable contact between *gʷ- and *-u- led to delabialization; otherwise we would expect some forms to show *kw-, which is however unattested; the oblique *ku- (< *gʷh₃u-) is also found in *kurzan- ('bull calf") (*ku- + urzan- ("male animal")), and *kudją ("herd (of cattle)")
  13. ^ the weak stem *tipp- was leveled to *tibb-
  14. ^ either originally a root noun or an n-stem *ūrô, oblique *ūr- (< *ūr-nV́-)
  15. ^ original *wl̥kʷíh₂, oblique *wl̥k(ʷ)jéh₂ with delabialization in the latter due to the palatal glide
  16. ^ although the stem *ung- is unattested, it must have existed; the weak stem *unk- is due to Kluge's law ie. *h₂n̥gʷʰ-né-
  17. ^ coriander was non-native to the Proto-Germanic speaking area; probably so-called due to visual similarity
  18. ^ either from *brēaną ("to fume, smell") due to the smell of the flowers, or from *brēz- the functional o-grade of *bres-, the unextended root found in *brezdaz, *bruzdaz/*burzdaz ("spike, point, edge") due to the thorns
  19. ^ ON bygg, also Elfdalian begg-; OE bēow) (shows two stem variants: *beww- and *biww- which can be reconciled as a neuter u-stem or neuter a z-stem
  20. ^ the form was probably *aganō: Gothic levels Verner's consonants out when there's a related model upon which to base it
  21. ^ if related to Celtic *tanno- ("oak/holly") then definitely borrowed from a non-IE language as the initial consonants cannot be explained by borrowing one way or the other
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